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Judaism:
2035 B.C. - Abraham born.
1960 B.C. - Abraham leaves Haran for Canaan.
1935 B.C. - Isaac born.
1875 B.C. - Jacob born.
1767 B.C. - Joseph sold to Egyptians.
1745 B.C. - Jacob and family move to Egypt.
Egyptian bondage and the Exodus under Moses:
1610 B.C. - Moses born.
1530 B.C. - The Exodus from Egypt. Israel crosses the Red Sea.
- The Law is given to Moses on Mount Sinai.
Israel given The Promised Land:
1490 B.C. - The Hebrews enter Canaan.
980 B.C. - David becomes King of Israel.
930 B.C. - The first Temple completed in Jerusalem.
900 B.C. - The nation is divided into the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah.
Assyrian & Babylonian captivities and the Return:
722 B.C. - Israel (Northern Kingdom) conquered by Assyria.
586 B.C. - Judah (Southern Kingdom) conquered by Babylon. Jerusalem destroyed, including the first Temple, and the Jews exiled to Babylon.
538 B.C. - The exiles return to Jerusalem from Babylon.
516 B.C. - The second Temple dedicated.
444 B.C. - The walls of Jerusalem completed.
350 B.C. - Persians capture Jerusalem.
332 B.C. - Jerusalem conquered by Alexander the great.
170 B.C. - The King of Syria, Antiochus Epiphanes, plunders Jerusalem.
168 B.C. - The Maccabean revolt.
165 B.C. - Hasmonean Jews, led by the Maccabees, recapture Jerusalem and rededicate the Temple, now celebrated annually at Hanukah.
80 B.C. - The Maccabees defeated by the Romans.
63 B.C. - Jerusalem conquered by Pompey, who makes Jerusalem a Roman province.
37 B.C. - Herod appointed King in Jerusalem by Rome.
20 B.C. - Herod begins restoration of the 2nd Temple.
Please note: Jesus is not a Jewish figure, but a Christian. Jews are forbidden from worshiping him. Any "Jew" who does so is disqualified from being Jewish.
66-73 - The Jewish revolt against the Romans.
66 - Jewish Zealots capture Masada from the Romans.
Worldwide Dispersion/Diaspora:
70 - Jerusalem and the Temple destroyed by the Romans who begin expelling the Jews from The Land.
73 - Masada, the last stronghold of the Jewish rebellion, falls to the Romans.
135 - The Bar Kokhba revolt is defeated by the Romans, who kill over 580,000 Jews.
- Jerusalem is rebuilt and renamed Aelia Capitolina, from which all Jews are banned.
- Judea is renamed Syria Palestina (Palestine), from which all Jews are banned.
306 - The Spanish Synod of Elvira forbids Christians to eat with Jews or to intermarry with them.
324 - Jerusalem under Byzantine rule.
326 - Queen Helena, the mother of Byzantine Emperor Constantine, visits Jerusalem and starts building churches, including The Church of The Holy Sepulchre.
362 - Julian the Apostate allows Jews to return to Jerusalem.
395 - The Roman Empire is partitioned into Eastern and Western divisions. Palestine comes under the Eastern division.
570 - Birth of Mohammed.
Please note: Mohammed was/is not a Jewish figure. Jews are forbidden from worshiping him. Any "Jew" who does so is disqualified from being Jewish.
614 - Jerusalem conquered by Persians.
624 - Mohammed executes all Jewish males in Medina, levies a tax on all Jews in Khybar, and changes the prayer direction of his followers from Jerusalem to Mecca.
627 - Mohammed executes all Jewish men in Qurayzah and sells their women and children as slaves.
629 - Jerusalem is retaken by the Byzantines. Jews are banned from Jerusalem by Bishop Modestos, the Christian Patriarch of Jerusalem.
632 - Death of Mohammed.
633 - Jews are banned from Jerusalem by Bishop Sophronius, the Christian Patriarch of Jerusalem.
637 - Muslim conquest of Jerusalem.
638 - Muslim conquest of Palestine.
650 - The compilation of Mohammed's Koran is completed.
691 - The Dome of the Rock is completed on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
701 - The Al Aqsa Mosque is completed on the Temple Mount.
747 - An earthquake hits Jerusalem, collapsing part of the Dome of the Rock.
771 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.
813 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem.
969 - Egyptian Fatimids take control of Jerusalem.
1012 - The Jews are expelled from part of the Rhineland.
1033 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem.
1066 - Jews enter Britain for the first time.
1077 - Jerusalem captured by the Turks.
1096 - The Crusaders massacre Jews in the Rhineland.
1099 - The First Crusade captures Jerusalem. The Jews fight alongside the Arabs, defending Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
1144 - Anti-Jewish riots in England.
1146 - Christians volunteering to fight in the Second Crusade were decreed to be released from all debts owed to Jews.
1168 - A Jewish massacre in England.
1170 - The Third Crusade. Jews were accused of the infamous "Blood Libel" and massacred.
1181 - Another Jewish massacre in England.
1182 - King Phillip of France expelled Jews, confiscated their property, turned synagogues into churches, and forced Jews to wear identification badges.
1187 - The Muslim, Saladin, takes Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
1189 - Jewish massacres throughout England at the coronation of Richard the Lionhearted.
1190 - Another Jewish massacre in England.
1192 - Richard the Lionheart fails to re-conquer Jerusalem.
1212 - 300 English and French Rabbis settle in Jerusalem.
1215 - The Fourth Lateran Council requires Jews to wear distinctive clothing for easy identification, and bars them from holding civil office.
1222 - The Synod of Oxford, England requires Jews to wear an identifying patch.
1229 - Crusaders conquer Jerusalem.
1239 - Muslims re-conquer Jerusalem.
1240 - The Paris Disputation.
1242 - The burning of the Talmud in Paris.
1243 - Crusaders re-conquer Jerusalem.
1244 - Jerusalem sacked by Tartars.
1247 - Jerusalem conquered by Egyptian Mamelukes.
1255 - A Massacre of Jews in England.
1259 - Jerusalem sacked by the Mongols.
1264 - Jewish persecution sweeps England.
1276 - The Jews expelled from upper Bavaria.
1278 - Jews arrested throughout England and their property confiscated, 300 hanged.
1288 - Massacre of local Jews in Troyes, France.
1290 - The Jews expelled from England by Edward I. 16,000 left, beginning 350 years of Jewish exile from England.
1306 - Phillip the Tall expelled 100,000 Jews from France and confiscated their property.
1322 - The Spanish Synod of Valladolid demands intolerance toward the Jews.
1329 - The Spanish Synod of Tarragona demands intolerance toward the Jews.
1335 - The Synod of Salamanca forbids employment of Jewish doctors.
1347 - Jerusalem conquered by the Mamelukes again.
1348-49 - Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.
1351-1353 - The bubonic plague hits Jerusalem.
1391 - Anti-Jewish riots and massacres in Spain, 50,000 Jews murdered in Castile. The Jews required to wear distinctive clothing for identification.
1394 - The Jews again expelled from France.
1407 - Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.
1421 - The Jews in Vienna had their possessions confiscated, their children forcibly converted. 270 Jews were burned at the stake.
1424 - The Jews expelled from Cologne.
1432 - The Jews expelled from Saxony.
1435 - The Jews expelled from Spires and Zurich.
1438 - The Jews expelled from Mainz.
1439 - The Jews expelled from Augsburg.
1442 - The Jews expelled from Bavaria.
1454 - The Jews expelled from the crown cities of Moravia.
1478 - The Inquisition established to exterminate heretics, including Jews.
1485 - The Jews expelled from Perugia, Italy.
1486 - The Jews expelled from Vicenza, Italy.
1489 - The Jews expelled from Milan and Lucca, Italy.
1490 - The Jews expelled from Geneva, Switzerland. Hebrew Bibles burned by the Inquisition in Spain.
1492 - 300,000 Jews expelled from Spain. Christopher Columbus watched them leaving in ships as he was leaving to discover the New World.
1494 - The Jews expelled from Florence and all Tuscany. Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.
1495 - The Jews expelled from Cracow and Lithuania.
1497 - The Jews expelled from Portugal, Sicily, and Sardinia.
1502 - The Jews expelled from Rhodes
1506 - The Jews again expelled from Portugal.
1516 - The first Jewish ghetto in Venice. Jerusalem surrenders to Ottoman Sultan Selim, the beginning of 400 years of Ottoman rule.
1541 - The Jews expelled from Naples. Suleiman the Magnificent completes the walls around Jerusalem.
- Jerusalem's Golden Gate is sealed to prevent The Messiah's entrance.
1543 - Martin Luther writes his 200-page pamphlet, "Against the Jews and Their Lies".
1555 - In Spain, all copies of the Jewish Scriptures in Spanish are seized and burned.
- All Jews in Rome are forced onto the left bank of the Tiber River and surrounded by a wall.
1556 - Earthquake in Jerusalem.
1593 - Pope Clement VIII banished Jews from the Vatican State.
1648 - 100,000 Jews massacred in Poland and 700 Jewish communities destroyed in the Ukraine.
1670 - The Jews expelled from France again after Blood Libel charges.
1719 - Rhode Island excludes Jews from voting and from holding public office.
1775 - Pope Pius VI issues edict to suppress the Jewish religion.
1791 - Tsarist Russia confines the Jews to the "Pale of Settlement" between the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea.
1798 - Napoleon Bonaparte visits the Holy Land.
1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte encouraged the return of the Jews to their land in Palestine.
1831 - Jerusalem conquered by Mohammed Ali of Egypt.
1838 - British Consulate opened in Jerusalem.
1840 - Jerusalem again under Turkish control.
- In Damascus, anti-Jewish pogroms initiated by the Roman Catholic Franciscans.
- British foreign secretary, Lord Palmerston, strongly recommended to the Ottoman government ruling Palestine that they should encourage the Jews of Europe to return to Palestine.
1844 - First official census confirms a Jewish majority in Jerusalem.
1854 - The Crimean War begins over disputes regarding Jerusalem.
1861-1865 - During the American Civil War, Jews of both North and South were accused of aiding the enemy, smuggling, profiteering, and draft-dodging.
1867 - Mark Twain visits Palestine.
1879 - The word "anti-Semitism" was coined by Wilhelm Marr in Germany.
Moving toward the Restoration of the Nation of Israel:
1871-1882 - The first Jewish agricultural settlements in Palestine.
1881-1924 - 2,500,000 Jews flee persecution in Eastern Europe. Many come to the USA, some migrate to Palestine.
1881-1882 - "Hovevei Zion" (Lovers of Zion) organization established in Russia to encourage Jewish emigration to the Promised Land.
1881 - Eliezer Ben Yehuda, "The Father of Modern Hebrew", moves to Palestine and promotes the Hebrew language.
- "Hibbat Zion", a Jewish Zionist movement established.
1882 - The First Aliya (the Hebrew word for "Ascending"); 12,000 Russian Jewish refugees move to Palestine.
- Leon Pinsker publishes "Autoemancipation", calling for the establishment of a Jewish Nation.
- The first International Anti-Jewish Congress meets in Dresden.
1885 - Nathan Birnbaum coins the term, "Zionism" in a periodical.
1890 - The Hebrew Language Committee is founded by Eliezer Ben Yehuda.
1891 - Over 10,000 Jews expelled from Moscow. 110,000 Jews flee Russia due to persecution.
- The "Blackstone Memorial": a petition presented to President Benjamin Harrison by preacher William E. Blackstone and signed by 413 prominent Americans, including the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, called for American support for giving "Palestine back to the Jews".
1892 - 137,000 Jews flee Russia due to persecution.
1894-1895 - In Paris, Jewish army captain, Alfred Dreyfus is convicted of treason in a rigged trial, touching off a wave of French anti-Semitism. The trial is covered by a Jewish Austrian journalist, Theodor Herzl, who is moved by it to seek a Zionist solution to anti-Semitism.
1896 - Theodor Herzl, an Austrian journalist, writes "The Jewish State", a book proposing a Jewish homeland in Palestine as a solution to European anti-Semitism.
1897 - The First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, during which Herzl writes, "Today I founded the Jewish State."
- The Zionist Organization is founded and Theodor Herzl is elected it's president.
1898 - The Second Zionist Congress, during which the colors of the Jewish prayer shawl, blue stripes on white, are proposed for the Zionist flag.
1899 - The Third Zionist congress, adopts a complete constitution.
1900 - The Fourth Zionist Congress.
1901 - The Fifth Zionist Congress.
- The Jewish National Fund is established to buy land in Palestine.
1903 - The Sixth Zionist Congress.
- The spurious "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" is first published in Russia to justify anti-Semitic actions.
1904 - The Second Aliya; made up of Jews escaping pogroms in Russia and Poland.
- The death of Theodor Herzl.
- The book "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" produced by Russian Secret Police to imply a Jewish conspiracy to rule the world.
1905 - The Seventh Zionist Congress.
- More than 400 Jews are massacred in 4 days in Odessa, Russia.
- Henry Ford publishes his anti-Jewish beliefs in a series of newspaper articles entitled, "The International Jew".
1907 - The Eighth Zionist Congress.
1908 - The Zionist Organization opens an office in Jaffa.
1909 - Tel Aviv is founded, the first modern Jewish city.
- The first Hebrew High School is formed in Jerusalem.
- The Ninth Zionist Congress.
- The first Kibbutz, Degania, is founded on the shores of Lake Kinnerret (The Sea of Galilee).
1911 - The Tenth Zionist Congress.
1913 - The Eleventh Zionist Congress.
1915 - The Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacy organization, was reorganized and espoused anti-Semitism.
1917 - Britain issues the Balfour Declaration, endorsing a Jewish state in Palestine.
- British rule in Palestine begins and General Allenby enters Jerusalem.
1918 - General Allenby defeats the Turks at Meggido, ending 400 years of Turkish rule in Palestine.
- Adolph Hitler, while in a sanitarium recovering from a mustard gas poisoning, hears voices telling him that the Jews are the source of all evil.
1919-1923 - The Third Aliya; 20,000 Jewish immigrants from Russia and Poland.
1919 - All Jewish religious communities in Russia are dissolved, their property is confiscated, most of their synagogues are closed, and the study of Hebrew is banned.
1920 - Adolph Hitler begins using the terms, "extirpation", "annihilation", and "extermination" concerning the Jews.
- Arab Anti-Jewish massacre and rapes in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem.
- At the San Remo Conference in Italy, the Allied Powers award Britain administration of the Mandate of Palestine on the condition that the Balfour Declaration of 1917 be implemented.
1921 - The Twelfth Zionist Congress.
- Arabs murder and pillage Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and other towns in Palestine.
- Jewish immigration to Palestine suspended by the British.
- Adolph Hitler becomes president of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party in Germany.
1921/22 - Britain divides Palestine, creating the nation of TransJordan in the area east of the Jordan River (76% of Palestine).
1922 - A joint resolution of the United States Congress on June 30 endorses the concept of the Jewish national home.
- The League of Nations grants Britain the Mandate of Palestine, citing the Balfour Declaration in it's preamble.
- American colleges and medical schools limit the number of Jews admitted.
1923 - The Thirteenth Zionist Congress.
1924-1930 - The Fourth Aliya; 80,000 Polish Jews immigrate to Palestine.
1925 - The Fourteenth Zionist Congress. Hebrew University opens in Jerusalem.
1927 - The Fifteenth Zionist Congress.
1929 - The Sixteenth Zionist Congress.
- After 1929, Henry Ford provides the finances to carry the early Nazi Party through it's initial difficult years.
1931 - The Seventeenth Zionist Congress.
1932 - First issue published of "The Palestine Post" newspaper (later called "The Jerusalem Post").
- The King David Hotel is opened in Jerusalem.
1933/34 - The German parliament gives full powers to Adolph Hitler.
1933-1945 - The Holocaust.
1933-1939 - The Fifth Aliya; mainly from Germany.
1933 - The Eighteenth Zionist Congress.
- Dachau concentration camp is opened for the confinement of "undesirables" - mostly Jews.
1935 - The Nineteenth Zionist Congress.
- Adolph Hitler reclassifies the Jews as "untermensch" (sub-human), depriving them of citizenship.
- The Nuremberg Laws exclude Jews from public life, German citizenship, and certain occupations.
1936 - Germans vote in favor of Adolph Hitler by 98.8%.
1937 - The Twentieth Zionist Congress.
- The Peel Commission recommends partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states.
1938 - Aliya B; illegal immigration of Jews from Europe begins.
- Nov. 9th: Kristallnacht, "The Night of Broken Glass". 7,000 Jewish shops looted, 267 synagogues burned down.
1939-1945 - World War Two
1939 - Britain issues the "White Paper", restricting Zionist activity in Palestine, limiting Jewish immigration, and reneging on it's promise of supporting a Jewish State.
- Twenty-first Zionist Congress.
- Nazi Germany adopts a master plan to liquidate all Jews in Europe.
1941 - The Germans first use gas chambers at Auschwitz.
- Jews in German territories required to wear a yellow star for identification.
1942 - In Berlin on January 20, the establishment of the "Final Solution" to exterminate the Jews of Europe.
1946 - The Twenty-second Zionist Congress.
- Thousands of Nazi war criminals flee into Arab countries, primarily Egypt and Syria.
1947 - UN Resolution 181 calls for partition of the land into a Jewish state and an Arab State, and the internationalization of Jerusalem - accepted by the Jews and rejected by the Arabs.
The State of Israel:
1948 - Britain leaves Palestine and the Jews declare their independence (May 14th), which starts the next day. The United States is the first nation to recognize the new State of Israel.
- The War of Independence starts immediately after Israel's Declaration of Independence. Israel is invaded by five Arab nations as 750,000 Jews living in Arab countries are forced to flee to Israel.
- The first census in Israel; 716,700 Jews and 156,000 non-Jews.
1948-1951 - 1,000,000 Jews move to Israel, mostly from Europe and Arab countries.
1949 - Israel's Knesset moves to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv.
- Israel declares Jerusalem it's capital.
- Operation Magic Carpet; aliya of Jews from Yemen.
1950 - Israel's Knesset passes the "Law of Return", giving citizenship to any Jew in the world who moves to Israel.
1951 - King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated on the Temple Mount by Arab extremists.
1956 - The Sinai War, lasting 100 hours. The Jews deported from Egypt.
1958 - On Israel's 10th anniversary it has 2,000,000 citizens.
1964 - Creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
1965 - The Roman Catholic Church exonerates modern Jews from guilt in the murder of Jesus Christ.
1967 - The Six-Day War (June 6-11). Israel gains control of East Jerusalem, including the Old City, and the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, along with Judea and Samaria (the "West Bank").
- Israel's Knesset formally annexes East Jerusalem, including the Old City, into the State of Israel.
- In Hebron, the tombs of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are opened to non-Muslims for the first time in 700 years.
- In August, Arab leaders gather at the Khartoum Conference and adopt the policy of "The Three No's": No peace with Israel, No negotiations with Israel, and No recognition of Israel.
- November 22, the UN Security Council adopts Resolution 242, which includes calling for Arab countries to recognize Israel.
1972 - Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics.
1973 - The Yom Kippur War.
- October 22, the UN Security Council adopts Resolution 338, which reaffirms Resolution 242 and calls for negotiations between Israel, Jordan and Egypt.
1975 - The UN General Assembly declares "Zionism is Racism" in Resolution 3379.
1977 - Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visits Jerusalem.
1979 - Israel and Egypt sign peace accords at Camp David.
1980 - The Knesset passes the Basic Law, "Jerusalem: Capital of Israel".
1981 - Israel destroys Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor.
- Islamic Extremists assassinate Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.
1984 - Operation Moses airlifts 7,000 Ethiopian Jews to Israel.
1989-1998 - 800,000 Russian Jews immigrate to Israel as the Soviet Union collapses.
1991 - Operation Solomon: massive airlift of 14,400 Jews from Ethiopia in 25 hours.
- The UN repeals the "Zionism is Racism" resolution.
1994 - Israel and Jordan sign peace agreement.
1997 - U.S. Congress recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's "United Capital"
Personages:
All of the characters in the Hebrew Bible may be considered significant historical human figures, both for good (King David, etc.), and bad (Balaam, etc).
Biblical leaders:
Abraham (founder of our monotheistic tradition)
Isaac, Jacob (carried on the tradition in Abraham's footsteps)
Moses (God's messenger in the Exodus and the Giving of the Torah)
Joshua (brought the Israelites into Canaan/Israel)
King David (most beloved of the kings; wrote the Psalms)
King Solomon (built the First Temple)
Ezra (instrumental in building the Second Temple)
...and many more.
In the post-biblical age, Rabbis and sages generally dominated Jewish writings. Some notable Rabbis and other leaders were (in no particular order):
Early Rabbis:
Hillel (famous sage, beloved for his humility)
Yochanan Ben Zakai (expanded the yeshiva of Yavneh; saved many sages after the Second Destruction)
Akiva (foremost Torah-leader after the Second Destruction)
Ben Zoma (contemporary of Rabbi Akiva)
Tarfon (charismatic sage; contemporary of Rabbi Akiva)
Elazar Ben Azaria (leading sage; famous for his words in the Passover Haggadah)
Medieval Rabbis:
Rashi (the foremost Talmud-commentator)
Rambam (Maimonides) (author of the most complete code of Halakha)
Ramban (author of famous Torah-commentary)
Later Rabbis:
Isaac Luria (foremost Kabbalah authority)
The Baal Shem Tov (founder of modern Hassidism)
Charismatic persons (including secular leaders, and even a false messiah or two):
Bar Kochba (led an initially seccessful revolt against the Romans)
Theodore Herzl (envisioned a modern Jewish state)
Shabbatai Tzvi (infamous false messiah; eventually left Judaism)
Baruch Spinoza (secular thinker)
David Ben Gurion (a Prime Minister of Israel)
Chaim Weizmann (leader during the British Mandate period)
Eliezer ben-Yehuda (instrumental in reviving spoken Hebrew)
Leo Baeck (Reform Rabbi)
Moses Mendelsohn (secular thinker)
Menachem Schneerson (controversial Rabbi)
Timeline of Events:
2035 B.C. - Abraham born.
1960 B.C. - Abraham leaves Haran for Canaan.
1935 B.C. - Isaac born.
1875 B.C. - Jacob born.
1767 B.C. - Joseph sold to Egyptians.
1745 B.C. - Jacob and family move to Egypt.
Egyptian bondage and the Exodus under Moses:
1610 B.C. - Moses born.
1530 B.C. - The Exodus from Egypt. Israel crosses the Red Sea.
- The Law is given to Moses on Mount Sinai.
Israel given The Promised Land:
1490 B.C. - The Hebrews enter Canaan.
980 B.C. - David becomes King of Israel.
930 B.C. - The first Temple completed in Jerusalem.
900 B.C. - The nation is divided into the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah.
Assyrian & Babylonian captivities and the Return:
722 B.C. - Israel (Northern Kingdom) conquered by Assyria.
586 B.C. - Judah (Southern Kingdom) conquered by Babylon. Jerusalem destroyed, including the first Temple, and the Jews exiled to Babylon.
538 B.C. - The exiles return to Jerusalem from Babylon.
516 B.C. - The second Temple dedicated.
444 B.C. - The walls of Jerusalem completed.
350 B.C. - Persians capture Jerusalem.
332 B.C. - Jerusalem conquered by Alexander the Great.
170 B.C. - The King of Syria, Antiochus Epiphanes, plunders Jerusalem.
168 B.C. - The Maccabean revolt.
165 B.C. - Hasmonean Jews, led by the Maccabees, recapture Jerusalem and rededicate the Temple, now celebrated annually at Hanukah.
80 B.C. - The Maccabees defeated by the Romans.
63 B.C. - Jerusalem conquered by Pompey, who makes Jerusalem a Roman province.
37 B.C. - Herod appointed King in Jerusalem by Rome.
20 B.C. - Herod begins restoration of the 2nd Temple.
Please note: Jesus is not a Jewish figure, but a Christian. Jews are forbidden from worshiping him. Any "Jew" who does so is disqualified from being Jewish.
66-73 - The Jewish revolt against the Romans.
66 - Jewish Zealots capture Masada from the Romans.
Worldwide Dispersion/Diaspora:
70 - Jerusalem and the Temple destroyed by the Romans who begin expelling the Jews from The Land.
73 - Masada, the last stronghold of the Jewish rebellion, falls to the Romans.
135 - The Bar Kokhba revolt is defeated by the Romans, who kill over 580,000 Jews.
- Jerusalem is rebuilt and renamed Aelia Capitolina, from which all Jews are banned.
- Judea is renamed Syria Palestina (Palestine), from which all Jews are banned.
306 - The Spanish Synod of Elvira forbids Christians to eat with Jews or to intermarry with them.
324 - Jerusalem under Byzantine rule.
326 - Queen Helena, the mother of Byzantine Emperor Constantine, visits Jerusalem and starts building churches, including The Church of The Holy Sepulchre.
362 - Julian the Apostate allows Jews to return to Jerusalem.
395 - The Roman Empire is partitioned into Eastern and Western divisions. Palestine comes under the Eastern division.
570 - Birth of Mohammed.
Please note: Mohammed was/is not a Jewish figure. Jews are forbidden from worshiping him. Any "Jew" who does so is disqualified from being Jewish.
614 - Jerusalem conquered by Persians.
624 - Mohammed executes all Jewish males in Medina, levies a tax on all Jews in Khybar, and changes the prayer direction of his followers from Jerusalem to Mecca.
627 - Mohammed executes all Jewish men in Qurayzah and sells their women and children as slaves.
629 - Jerusalem is retaken by the Byzantines. Jews are banned from Jerusalem by Bishop Modestos, the Christian Patriarch of Jerusalem.
632 - Death of Mohammed.
633 - Jews are banned from Jerusalem by Bishop Sophronius, the Christian Patriarch of Jerusalem.
637 - Muslim conquest of Jerusalem.
638 - Muslim conquest of Palestine.
650 - The compilation of Mohammed's Koran is completed.
691 - The Dome of the Rock is completed on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
701 - The Al Aqsa Mosque is completed on the Temple Mount.
747 - An earthquake hits Jerusalem, collapsing part of the Dome of the Rock.
771 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.
813 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem.
969 - Egyptian Fatimids take control of Jerusalem.
1012 - The Jews are expelled from part of the Rhineland.
1033 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem.
1066 - Jews enter Britain for the first time.
1077 - Jerusalem captured by the Turks.
1096 - The Crusaders massacre Jews in the Rhineland.
1099 - The First Crusade captures Jerusalem. The Jews fight alongside the Arabs, defending Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
1144 - Anti-Jewish riots in England.
1146 - Christians volunteering to fight in the Second Crusade were decreed to be released from all debts owed to Jews.
1168 - A Jewish massacre in England.
1170 - The Third Crusade. Jews were accused of the infamous "Blood Libel" and massacred.
1181 - Another Jewish massacre in England.
1182 - King Phillip of France expelled Jews, confiscated their property, turned synagogues into churches, and forced Jews to wear identification badges.
1187 - The Muslim, Saladin, takes Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
1189 - Jewish massacres throughout England at the coronation of Richard the Lionhearted.
1190 - Another Jewish massacre in England.
1192 - Richard the Lionheart fails to re-conquer Jerusalem.
1212 - 300 English and French Rabbis settle in Jerusalem.
1215 - The Fourth Lateran Council requires Jews to wear distinctive clothing for easy identification, and bars them from holding civil office.
1222 - The Synod of Oxford, England requires Jews to wear an identifying patch.
1229 - Crusaders conquer Jerusalem.
1239 - Muslims re-conquer Jerusalem.
1240 - The Paris Disputation.
1242 - The burning of the Talmud in Paris.
1243 - Crusaders re-conquer Jerusalem.
1244 - Jerusalem sacked by Tartars.
1247 - Jerusalem conquered by Egyptian Mamelukes.
1255 - A Massacre of Jews in England.
1259 - Jerusalem sacked by the Mongols.
1264 - Jewish persecution sweeps England.
1276 - The Jews expelled from upper Bavaria.
1278 - Jews arrested throughout England and their property confiscated, 300 hanged.
1288 - Massacre of local Jews in Troyes, France.
1290 - The Jews expelled from England by Edward I. 16,000 left, beginning 350 years of Jewish exile from England.
1306 - Phillip the Tall expelled 100,000 Jews from France and confiscated their property.
1322 - The Spanish Synod of Valladolid demands intolerance toward the Jews.
1329 - The Spanish Synod of Tarragona demands intolerance toward the Jews.
1335 - The Synod of Salamanca forbids employment of Jewish doctors.
1347 - Jerusalem conquered by the Mamelukes again.
1348-49 - Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.
1351-1353 - The Bubonic Plague hits Jerusalem.
1391 - Anti-Jewish riots and massacres in Spain, 50,000 Jews murdered in Castile. The Jews required to wear distinctive clothing for identification.
1394 - The Jews again expelled from France.
1407 - Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.
1421 - The Jews in Vienna had their possessions confiscated, their children forcibly converted. 270 Jews were burned at the stake.
1424 - The Jews expelled from Cologne.
1432 - The Jews expelled from Saxony.
1435 - The Jews expelled from Spires and Zurich.
1438 - The Jews expelled from Mainz.
1439 - The Jews expelled from Augsburg.
1442 - The Jews expelled from Bavaria.
1454 - The Jews expelled from the crown cities of Moravia.
1478 - The Inquisition established to exterminate heretics, including Jews.
1485 - The Jews expelled from Perugia, Italy.
1486 - The Jews expelled from Vicenza, Italy.
1489 - The Jews expelled from Milan and Lucca, Italy.
1490 - The Jews expelled from Geneva, Switzerland. Hebrew Bibles burned by the Inquisition in Spain.
1492 - 300,000 Jews expelled from Spain. Christopher Columbus watched them leaving in ships as he was leaving to discover the New World.
1494 - The Jews expelled from Florence and all Tuscany. Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.
1495 - The Jews expelled from Cracow and Lithuania.
1497 - The Jews expelled from Portugal, Sicily, and Sardinia.
1502 - The Jews expelled from Rhodes
1506 - The Jews again expelled from Portugal.
1516 - The first Jewish ghetto in Venice. Jerusalem surrenders to Ottoman Sultan Selim, the beginning of 400 years of Ottoman rule.
1541 - The Jews expelled from Naples. Suleiman the Magnificent completes the walls around Jerusalem.
- Jerusalem's Golden Gate is sealed to prevent The Messiah's entrance.
1543 - Martin Luther writes his 200-page pamphlet, "Against the Jews and Their Lies".
1555 - In Spain, all copies of the Jewish Scriptures in Spanish are seized and burned.
- All Jews in Rome are forced onto the left bank of the Tiber River and surrounded by a wall.
1556 - Earthquake in Jerusalem.
1593 - Pope Clement VIII banished Jews from the Vatican State.
1648 - 100,000 Jews massacred in Poland and 700 Jewish communities destroyed in the Ukraine.
1670 - The Jews expelled from France again after Blood Libel charges.
1719 - Rhode Island excludes Jews from voting and from holding public office.
1775 - Pope Pius VI issues edict to suppress the Jewish religion.
1791 - Tsarist Russia confines the Jews to the "Pale of Settlement" between the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea.
1798 - Napoleon Bonaparte visits the Holy Land.
1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte encouraged the return of the Jews to their land in Palestine.
1831 - Jerusalem conquered by Mohammed Ali of Egypt.
1838 - British Consulate opened in Jerusalem.
1840 - Jerusalem again under Turkish control.
- In Damascus, anti-Jewish pogroms initiated by the Roman Catholic Franciscans.
- British foreign secretary, Lord Palmerston, strongly recommended to the Ottoman government ruling Palestine that they should encourage the Jews of Europe to return to Palestine.
1844 - First official census confirms a Jewish majority in Jerusalem.
1854 - The Crimean War begins over disputes regarding Jerusalem.
1861-1865 - During the American Civil War, Jews of both North and South were accused of aiding the enemy, smuggling, profiteering, and draft-dodging.
1867 - Mark Twain visits Palestine.
1879 - The word "anti-Semitism" was coined by Wilhelm Marr in Germany.
Moving toward the Restoration of the Nation of Israel:
1871-1882 - The first Jewish agricultural settlements in Palestine.
1881-1924 - 2,500,000 Jews flee persecution in Eastern Europe. Many come to the USA, some migrate to Palestine.
1881-1882 - "Hovevei Zion" (Lovers of Zion) organization established in Russia to encourage Jewish emigration to the Promised Land.
1881 - Eliezer Ben Yehuda, "The Father of Modern Hebrew", moves to Palestine and promotes the Hebrew language.
- "Hibbat Zion", a Jewish Zionist movement established.
1882 - The First Aliya (the Hebrew word for "Ascending"); 12,000 Russian Jewish refugees move to Palestine.
- Leon Pinsker publishes "Autoemancipation", calling for the establishment of a Jewish Nation.
- The first International Anti-Jewish Congress meets in Dresden.
1885 - Nathan Birnbaum coins the term, "Zionism" in a periodical.
1890 - The Hebrew Language Committee is founded by Eliezer Ben Yehuda.
1891 - Over 10,000 Jews expelled from Moscow. 110,000 Jews flee Russia due to persecution.
- The "Blackstone Memorial": a petition presented to President Benjamin Harrison by preacher William E. Blackstone and signed by 413 prominent Americans, including the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, called for American support for giving "Palestine back to the Jews".
1892 - 137,000 Jews flee Russia due to persecution.
1894-1895 - In Paris, Jewish army captain, Alfred Dreyfus is convicted of treason in a rigged trial, touching off a wave of French anti-Semitism. The trial is covered by a Jewish Austrian journalist, Theodor Herzl, who is moved by it to seek a Zionist solution to anti-Semitism.
1896 - Theodor Herzl, an Austrian journalist, writes "The Jewish State", a book proposing a Jewish homeland in Palestine as a solution to European anti-Semitism.
1897 - The First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, during which Herzl writes, "Today I founded the Jewish State."
- The Zionist Organization is founded and Theodor Herzl is elected it's president.
1898 - The Second Zionist Congress, during which the colors of the Jewish prayer shawl, blue stripes on white, are proposed for the Zionist flag.
1899 - The Third Zionist congress, adopts a complete constitution.
1900 - The Fourth Zionist Congress.
1901 - The Fifth Zionist Congress.
- The Jewish National Fund is established to buy land in Palestine.
1903 - The Sixth Zionist Congress.
- The spurious "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" is first published in Russia to justify anti-Semitic actions.
1904 - The Second Aliya; made up of Jews escaping pogroms in Russia and Poland.
- The death of Theodor Herzl.
- The book "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" produced by Russian Secret Police to imply a Jewish conspiracy to rule the world.
1905 - The Seventh Zionist Congress.
- More than 400 Jews are massacred in 4 days in Odessa, Russia.
- Henry Ford publishes his anti-Jewish beliefs in a series of newspaper articles entitled, "The International Jew".
1907 - The Eighth Zionist Congress.
1908 - The Zionist Organization opens an office in Jaffa.
1909 - Tel Aviv is founded, the first modern Jewish city.
- The first Hebrew High School is formed in Jerusalem.
- The Ninth Zionist Congress.
- The first Kibbutz, Degania, is founded on the shores of Lake Kinnerret (The Sea of Galilee).
1911 - The Tenth Zionist Congress.
1913 - The Eleventh Zionist Congress.
1915 - The Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacy organization, was reorganized and espoused anti-Semitism.
1917 - Britain issues the Balfour Declaration, endorsing a Jewish state in Palestine.
- British rule in Palestine begins and General Allenby enters Jerusalem.
1918 - General Allenby defeats the Turks at Meggido, ending 400 years of Turkish rule in Palestine.
- Adolph Hitler, while in a sanitarium recovering from a mustard gas poisoning, hears voices telling him that the Jews are the source of all evil.
1919-1923 - The Third Aliya; 20,000 Jewish immigrants from Russia and Poland.
1919 - All Jewish religious communities in Russia are dissolved, their property is confiscated, most of their synagogues are closed, and the study of Hebrew is banned.
1920 - Adolph Hitler begins using the terms, "extirpation", "annihilation", and "extermination" concerning the Jews.
- Arab Anti-Jewish massacre and rapes in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem.
- At the San Remo Conference in Italy, the Allied Powers award Britain administration of the Mandate of Palestine on the condition that the Balfour Declaration of 1917 be implemented.
1921 - The Twelfth Zionist Congress.
- Arabs murder and pillage Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and other towns in Palestine.
- Jewish immigration to Palestine suspended by the British.
- Adolph Hitler becomes president of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party in Germany.
1921/22 - Britain divides Palestine, creating the nation of TransJordan in the area east of the Jordan River (76% of Palestine).
1922 - A joint resolution of the United States Congress on June 30 endorses the concept of the Jewish national home.
- The League of Nations grants Britain the Mandate of Palestine, citing the Balfour Declaration in it's preamble.
- American colleges and medical schools limit the number of Jews admitted.
1923 - The Thirteenth Zionist Congress.
1924-1930 - The Fourth Aliya; 80,000 Polish Jews immigrate to Palestine.
1925 - The Fourteenth Zionist Congress. Hebrew University opens in Jerusalem.
1927 - The Fifteenth Zionist Congress.
1929 - The Sixteenth Zionist Congress.
- After 1929, Henry Ford provides the finances to carry the early Nazi Party through it's initial difficult years.
1931 - The Seventeenth Zionist Congress.
1932 - First issue published of "The Palestine Post" newspaper (later called "The Jerusalem Post").
- The King David Hotel is opened in Jerusalem.
1933/34 - The German parliament gives full powers to Adolph Hitler.
1933-1945 - The Holocaust.
1933-1939 - The Fifth Aliya; mainly from Germany.
1933 - The Eighteenth Zionist Congress.
- Dachau concentration camp is opened for the confinement of "undesirables" - mostly Jews.
1935 - The Nineteenth Zionist Congress.
- Adolph Hitler reclassifies the Jews as "untermensch" (sub-human), depriving them of citizenship.
- The Nuremberg Laws exclude Jews from public life, German citizenship, and certain occupations.
1936 - Germans vote in favor of Adolph Hitler by 98.8%.
1937 - The Twentieth Zionist Congress.
- The Peel Commission recommends partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states.
1938 - Aliya B; illegal immigration of Jews from Europe begins.
- Nov. 9th: Kristallnacht, "The Night of Broken Glass". 7,000 Jewish shops looted, 267 synagogues burned down.
1939-1945 - World War Two
1939 - Britain issues the "White Paper", restricting Zionist activity in Palestine, limiting Jewish immigration, and reneging on it's promise of supporting a Jewish State.
- Twenty-first Zionist Congress.
- Nazi Germany adopts a master plan to liquidate all Jews in Europe.
1941 - The Germans first use gas chambers at Auschwitz.
- Jews in German territories required to wear a yellow star for identification.
1942 - In Berlin on January 20, the establishment of the "Final Solution" to exterminate the Jews of Europe.
1946 - The Twenty-second Zionist Congress.
- Thousands of Nazi war criminals flee into Arab countries, primarily Egypt and Syria.
1947 - UN Resolution 181 calls for partition of the land into a Jewish state and an Arab State, and the internationalization of Jerusalem - accepted by the Jews and rejected by the Arabs.
The State of Israel:
1948 - Britain leaves Palestine and the Jews declare their independence (May 14th), which starts the next day. The United States is the first nation to recognize the new State of Israel.
- The War of Independence starts immediately after Israel's Declaration of Independence. Israel is invaded by five Arab nations as 750,000 Jews living in Arab countries are forced to flee to Israel.
- The first census in Israel; 716,700 Jews and 156,000 non-Jews.
1948-1951 - 1,000,000 Jews move to Israel, mostly from Europe and Arab countries.
1949 - Israel's Knesset moves to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv.
- Israel declares Jerusalem it's capital.
- Operation Magic Carpet; aliya of Jews from Yemen.
1950 - Israel's Knesset passes the "Law of Return", giving citizenship to any Jew in the world who moves to Israel.
1951 - King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated on the Temple Mount by Arab extremists.
1956 - The Sinai War, lasting 100 hours. The Jews deported from Egypt.
1958 - On Israel's 10th anniversary it has 2,000,000 citizens.
1964 - Creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
1965 - The Roman Catholic Church exonerates modern Jews from guilt in the murder of Jesus Christ.
1967 - The Six-Day War (June 6-11). Israel gains control of East Jerusalem, including the Old City, and the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, along with Judea and Samaria (the "West Bank").
- Israel's Knesset formally annexes East Jerusalem, including the Old City, into the State of Israel.
- In Hebron, the tombs of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are opened to non-Muslims for the first time in 700 years.
- In August, Arab leaders gather at the Khartoum Conference and adopt the policy of "The Three No's": No peace with Israel, No negotiations with Israel, and No recognition of Israel.
- November 22, the UN Security Council adopts Resolution 242, which includes calling for Arab countries to recognize Israel.
1972 - Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics.
1973 - The Yom Kippur War.
- October 22, the UN Security Council adopts Resolution 338, which reaffirms Resolution 242 and calls for negotiations between Israel, Jordan and Egypt.
1975 - The UN General Assembly declares "Zionism is Racism" in Resolution 3379.
1977 - Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visits Jerusalem.
1979 - Israel and Egypt sign peace accords at Camp David.
1980 - The Knesset passes the Basic Law, "Jerusalem: Capital of Israel".
1981 - Israel destroys Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor.
- Islamic Extremists assassinate Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.
1984 - Operation Moses airlifts 7,000 Ethiopian Jews to Israel.
1989-1998 - 800,000 Russian Jews immigrate to Israel as the Soviet Union collapses.
1991 - Operation Solomon: massive airlift of 14,400 Jews from Ethiopia in 25 hours.
- The UN repeals the "Zionism is Racism" resolution.
1994 - Israel and Jordan sign peace agreement.
1997 - U.S. Congress recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's "United Capital"
See the attached Related Links, which include a few lists of historical figures, and a timeline which gives a summary of events and their dates.
Well there's a lot of historical events and figures in Islam. From the top of my head I can say:
Prophet Muhammad p.b.u.h. and his journeys to Mecca and Madina. Also his journeys to spread the religion of Islam. Omar bin Al Khatab, Ibn Magid...
Anyone, feel free to add more...I'm not so good with spelling in English the names.
you can find a useful time line of Islam at the link below.
For Judaism:
All of the dates and information provided below are based on the Jewish Torah, Talmud and oral tradition. Note that many hundreds of names and dates have been omitted for the purpose of brevity, and descriptions have been kept to a minimum. See the highlighted Related Links for more complete detail.Creation: 3760 BCE.
The Flood: 2104 BCE.
Era of the Patriarchs:
- Avraham, founder of Jewish belief, born 1812 BCE (= "Before the Common Era"). Abraham founded the tradition of monotheism, which is the belief in One God. (See: A biography of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob)
- Yitzchak (Isaac), second of the Avot (Patriarchs), born 1712 BCE.
- Yaakov (Jacob), third of the three Patriarchs, born 1652 BCE.
- Yosef (Joseph), born 1563 BCE, became Viceroy of Egypt. (See: Joseph's importance)
- The sojourn in Egypt was 1522-1312 BCE. The enslavement in Egypt began in 1428 BCE.
Moses and Joshua:
- Moshe (Moses) was born in 1392 BCE. He played a key role in the Exodus, and brought down the Two Stone Tablets from God. (See: A biography of Moses and Joshua)
- The forty years in the Wilderness were 1312-1272 BCE.
- The Israelites crossed the Jordan into Canaan, 1272 BCE. Yehoshua (Joshua, died 1244 BCE), leader after Moses, led the conquest of Canaan. His period of leadership was 1272-1244 BCE.
Era of the Judges: (See also: Who were the Judges?) The era of the Judges was 1244-879 BCE. Here are some of the prominent Judges:
- Devorah became leader in 1107 BCE. She was a female Torah-sage and Judge who led a miraculous victory over a Canaanite king (Judges ch.4-5).
- Gideon became Judge in 1067 BCE. He led a miraculous victory over the Midianites (Judges ch.6-8).
- Yiphtach (Jephthah) became leader in 982 BCE. He led a miraculous victory over the Ammonites (Judges ch.11).
- Shimshon (Samson) became leader in 951 BCE. This Judge had unequaled strength and subdued the Philistines for many years (Judges ch.13-15).
- Shmuel (Samuel) became leader in 890 BCE. He marked the transition from Judges to Kings. (See: More about Samuel)
Era of the Kings: The era of the Kings lasted until the destruction of the First Temple in 422 BCE. (See also: Who were the Kings?) Here are some of the prominent kings, prophets and events:
- Shaul (Saul), died 876 BCE, was first of the Kings. 1 Samuel ch.8-31.
- King David reigned 40 years, from 876 BCE.
- The building of the First Temple commenced in 832 BCE, by King Solomon, who reigned 40 years. See 1 Kings ch.6-8. The First Temple stood for 410 years.
- Yerav'am ben Nevat (Jeroboam) took power in 796 BCE. He split the Ten Tribes (the Northern Kingdom of Israel) away from the southern Tribes (the Southern Kingdom) of Judah and Benjamin (1 Kings ch.12). (See: Why did the Ten Tribes break away from Judah?)
- Eliyahu (Elijah), 8th century BCE, famous prophet. See 1 Kings ch.17 until 2 Kings ch.2.
- Yeshayahu (Isaiah), best-known of the Prophets, began his prophecies in 619 BCE. (See: What was the role of the Prophets?)
- Exile of the Ten Tribes by the Assyrians to points unknown, in 555 BCE. (See: Where are the Ten Tribes?)
- Yirmiyahu (Jeremiah) began his prophecies in 463 BCE. Warned about the impending Destruction.
- Yechezkel (Ezekiel) prophesied, 429 BCE.
- Destruction of the First Temple, in 422 BCE.
Era of the Babylonian Exile (422-352 BCE):
- Daniel interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's dream in 421 BCE.
- Zerubavel led the Jewish return to Israel (Judea) in 371 BCE, after King Cyrus of Persia permitted it. 18 years later, another wave of Jews returned with Ezra, while Nehemiah oversaw the rebuilding of the walls.
- The events of Purim (Scroll of Esther) were in 355 BCE. (See: More about Esther)
Second Temple Era (352 BCE-68 CE):
- Building of the Second Temple, 352 BCE. The Second Temple stood for 420 years. Soon after its construction, prophecy ceased.
- Anshei Knesset HaGedolah - The Men of the Great Assembly. This Sanhedrin (high court of sages) sealed the canon of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). (See: The history of the Hebrew Bible)
- Alexander the Great, 313 BCE.
- Shimon HaTzadik died in 273 BCE. One of the early sages.
- Writing of the Septuagint, in 246 BCE.
- The revolt of Mattityahu the Chashmona'i (Hasmonean), against the Syrian-Greeks, in 168 BCE.
- The miracle of Hanukkah, 165 BCE. (See: more about Hanukkah)
- Sh'lomit (Queen Salome) ruled 73-64 BCE. A brief period of peace in the turbulent Second Temple era.
- The Romans gained control of Judea in 61 BCE.
- Hillel, died 8 BCE. A beloved sage, famous for his humility.
- Agrippa I (grandson of Herod) ruled, 21 CE (= "Common Era"). A rare instance of a benign Roman ruler. Not to be confused with the wicked Agrippa II, who began ruling 35 years later.
- Christianity started spreading around this time, but not among the Jews. (See: Why the Jews didn't accept Jesus)
- Destruction of the Second Temple, 68 CE. (See: Destruction and Diaspora)
Era of the Mishna and Talmud-sages:
- Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, died 74 CE, gained the favor of Vespasian and managed to rescue a number of leading Torah-sages and brought them to the yeshiva (Torah-academy) in Yavneh. (See: What Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai did for Judaism)
- Betar fell, and Bar Kochba's revolt ended in tragedy, 133 CE.
- Rabbi Akiva, died 134 CE, was a leading Torah-sage throughout the Roman upheavals.
- Rabbi Judah Hanassi, died 188 CE, completed the redaction of the Mishna (Oral Law), based on ancient tradition.
- Rav (Rabbi Abba Aricha) left Israel and settled in Babylonia, 219 CE. Founded the yeshiva (Torah academy) of Sura. Died 247 CE.
- Rabbi Yochanan was the leading Talmudic authority, 254 CE. Redacted the Jerusalem Talmud.
- Rabbi Yehudah was the leading Talmudic authority, 298 CE. Disciple of Rav.
- Abayei and Rava were the leading Talmudic authorities, 325 CE. These two participated in the redaction of the Babylonian Talmud.
- Rav (Rabbi) Ashi was the leading Talmudic authority, 392 CE.
- Final redaction of the Talmud, 475 CE. It was put in writing 25 years later.
Era of the Geonim (Torah-leaders in Babylonia):
- The yeshiva of Pumbeditha was reopened (after Persian persecutions), 589 CE. Era of the Geonim begins.
- The yeshiva of Sura was reopened, 609 CE.
- Rabbi Yitzchak was the last Gaon (sage) of Neharde'a (Firuz-Shabur). 636 CE.
- Rabbi Achai Gaon left Bavel (Iraq) for Israel, 755 CE.
- The Halakhot Gedolot, an early codex of halakha (Torah laws), was written at this time. 759 CE.
- Rabbi Amram (who put the Siddur [prayerbook] in writing), became Gaon (Torah-leader) of Sura. 858 CE.
- Rabbi Saadya (882-942) was appointed Gaon of Sura, 928 CE. He led opposition against the breakaway Karaites.
- Four sages were taken hostage and ransomed at around this time, 955 CE. This event contributed to the spread of Torah-learning to lands other than Babylonia.
- Rabbi Sherira (906-1006) became Gaon of Pumbedita, 968 CE.
- Rabbi Hai Gaon (939-1038), last of the leading Babylonian Torah sages.
European Jewry:
- Rabbi Gershom Me'or HaGolah (c.960-1040) was the sage who decreed against Jewish polygamy.
- Rabbi Isaac Al-Fasi (1013-1103) was the author of a major compendium of Halakha.
- Rashi (Rabbi Shelomo Yitzchaki, 1040-1105), author of the greatest of the Talmud commentaries.
- First Crusade, 1096. First recorded blood libel, 1144.
- Rabbenu Tam (Rabbi Yaakov Tam, 1100-1170), a leading Talmudist. He was a grandson of Rashi.
- The Rambam (Maimonides), 1135-1204, author of several major works in halakha and Jewish thought.
- A massive burning of the Talmud by anti-Semites took place in Paris, 1242.
- The Inquisition began to use torture, 1252.
- The Ramban (Nachmanides), 1194-1270, author of a leading commentary on the Torah.
- All Jews were expelled from England, 1290.
- The Maharam (Rabbi Meir) of Rothenburg (1215-1293), last of the Tosafists (early Talmud-commentators).
- The Ralbag (Rabbi Levi ben Gershom), 1288-1344, author of a commentary on the Bible.
- Rabbi Nissim (1320-1376), and other Torah-scholars in Spain, were imprisoned. 1367.
- The expulsion of Jews from France, 1394.
- Rabbi Yosef Albo (1380-1444) was in a forced debate with Christians, 1413.
- The invention of printing, 1440s.
- Rabbi Ovadya Bertinura (1445-1515), Rabbi in Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) from 1488, author of the leading commentary on the Mishna.
- Jews expelled from Spain and Sicily, 1492.
- Rabbi Yitzchak Abarbanel (1437-1508), Rabbi in Naples from 1493. Author of a book on Jewish thought.
- All Jews were expelled from Portugal, 1496.
- The Turks (Ottoman Empire) conquered the land of Israel, 1516.
- Rabbi Joseph Caro (1488-1575) published the Shulchan Arukh, a leading text of Jewish law, in 1566.
Later Rabbis and events:
- Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534-1572), was a leading kabbalist.
- The Maharal (Rabbi Loewe), 1512-1609, Rabbi in Prague from 1573. Maker of the legendary Golem.
- Rabbi Shmuel Eidels (1555-1631), Rabbi in Lublin from 1614, author of a leading Talmud commentary.
- Rabbi Yoel Sirkes (1561-1640), author of a major commentary on the Shulchan Arukh.
- Rabbi Shabsei Cohen (1621-1662) and Rabbi David Halevi (1586-1667) publish leading commentaries on the Shulchan Arukh in 1646.
- Chmielnicki massacres, 1648-9.
- Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (1707-1746), author of a famous text on piety.
- Rabbi Israel Ba'al Shem Tov (1700-1760), founder of modern Hassidism.
- The Pale of Jewish Settlement was established in Russia, 1791.
- The Vilna Gaon (Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, 1720-1797), famous Talmudist.
- Rabbi Chaim Yosef David Azulai (1724-1806), sage and biliographer.
- Rabbi Nachman of Breslov (1772-1810), charismatic pietist and Hassidic leader.
- Rabbi Yisrael Salanter (1810-1883), founder of the modern Mussar movement.
- Rabbi Meir Malbim (1809-1879), opponent of the secularists (Haskalah), authored a major commentary on the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible).
- Rabbi Israel Meir Kohen (Chafetz Chaim), 1838-1933, beloved pietist and Talmudist.
- Wave of Russian pogroms begins, 1881.
- Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried (1804-1886), author of the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch.
- Rabbi Abraham Karelitz (Chazon Ish), 1878-1953, leading Torah sage in Israel from 1933.
- Germany started World War II, and mass killing of 6 million Jews, 1939.
All of the dates and information provided below are based on the Jewish Torah, Talmud and oral tradition. Note that many hundreds of names and dates have been omitted for the purpose of brevity, and descriptions have been kept to a minimum. See the highlighted Related Links for more complete detail.
Era of the Patriarchs:
- Avraham, founder of Jewish belief, born 1812 BCE (= "Before the Common Era"). Abraham founded the tradition of monotheism, which is the belief in One God. (See: A biography of Abraham)
- Yitzchak (Isaac), second of the Avot (Patriarchs), born 1712 BCE. (See: A biography of Isaac, Jacob and Joseph)
- Yaakov (Jacob), third of the three Patriarchs, born 1652 BCE.
- Yosef (Joseph), born 1563 BCE, became Viceroy of Egypt.
- The sojourn in Egypt was 1522-1312 BCE. The enslavement in Egypt began in 1428 BCE.
Moses and Joshua:
- Moshe (Moses) was born in 1392 BCE. He played a key role in the Exodus, and brought down the Two Stone Tablets from God. (See: A biography of Moses and Joshua)
- The forty years in the Wilderness were 1312-1272 BCE.
- The Israelites crossed the Jordan into Canaan, 1272 BCE. Yehoshua (Joshua, died 1244 BCE), leader after Moses, led the conquest of Canaan. His period of leadership was 1272-1244 BCE.
Era of the Judges: (See also: Who were the Judges?) The era of the Judges was 1244-879 BCE. Here are some of the prominent Judges:
- Devorah became leader in 1107 BCE. She was a female Torah-sage and Judge who led a miraculous victory over a Canaanite king (Judges ch.4-5).
- Gideon became Judge in 1067 BCE. He led a miraculous victory over the Midianites (Judges ch.6-8).
- Yiphtach (Jephthah) became leader in 982 BCE. He led a miraculous victory over the Ammonites (Judges ch.11).
- Shimshon (Samson) became leader in 951 BCE. This Judge had unequaled strength and subdued the Philistines for many years (Judges ch.13-15).
- Shmuel (Samuel) became leader in 890 BCE. He marked the transition from Judges to Kings. (See: A biography of Samuel and King David)
Era of the Kings: The era of the Kings lasted until the destruction of the First Temple in 422 BCE. (See also:Who were the Kings?) Here are some of the prominent kings, prophets and events:
- Shaul (Saul), died 876 BCE, was first of the Kings. 1 Samuel ch.8-31.
- King David reigned 40 years, from 876 BCE.
- The building of the First Temple commenced in 832 BCE, by King Solomon, who reigned 40 years. See 1 Kings ch.6-8. The First Temple stood for 410 years.
- Yerav'am ben Nevat (Jeroboam) took power in 796 BCE. He split the Ten Tribes (the Northern Kingdom of Israel) away from the southern Tribes (the Southern Kingdom) of Judah and Benjamin (1 Kings ch.12). (See: Why did the Ten Tribes break away from Judah?)
- Eliyahu (Elijah), 8th century BCE, famous prophet. See 1 Kings ch.17 until 2 Kings ch.2.
- Yeshayahu (Isaiah), best-known of the Prophets, began his prophecies in 619 BCE. (See: What was the role of the Prophets?)
- Exile of the Ten Tribes by the Assyrians to points unknown, in 555 BCE. (See: Where are the Ten Tribes?)
- Yirmiyahu (Jeremiah) began his prophecies in 463 BCE. Warned about the impending Destruction.
- Yechezkel (Ezekiel) prophesied, 429 BCE.
- Destruction of the First Temple, in 422 BCE.
Era of the Babylonian Exile (422-352 BCE):
- Daniel interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's dream in 421 BCE.
- Zerubavel led the Jewish return to Israel (Judea) in 371 BCE, after King Cyrus of Persia permitted it. 18 years later, another wave of Jews returned with Ezra, while Nehemiah oversaw the rebuilding of the walls.
- The events of Purim (Scroll of Esther) were in 355 BCE. (See: More about Esther)
Second Temple Era (352 BCE-68 CE):
- Building of the Second Temple, 352 BCE. The Second Temple stood for 420 years. Soon after its construction, prophecy ceased.
- Anshei Knesset HaGedolah - The Men of the Great Assembly. This Sanhedrin (high court of sages) sealed the canon of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). (See: The history of the Hebrew Bible)
- Alexander the Great, 313 BCE.
- Shimon HaTzadik died in 273 BCE. One of the early sages.
- Writing of the Septuagint, in 246 BCE.
- The revolt of Mattityahu the Chashmona'i (Hasmonean), against the Syrian-Greeks, in 168 BCE.
- The miracle of Hanukkah, 165 BCE. (See: more about Hanukkah)
- Sh'lomit (Queen Salome) ruled 73-64 BCE. A brief period of peace in the turbulent Second Temple era.
- The Romans gained control of Judea in 61 BCE.
- Hillel, died 8 BCE. A beloved sage, famous for his humility.
- Agrippa I (grandson of Herod) ruled, 21 CE (= "Common Era"). A rare instance of a benign Roman ruler. Not to be confused with the wicked Agrippa II, who began ruling 35 years later.
- Christianity started spreading around this time, but not among the Jews. (See: Why the Jews didn't accept Jesus)
- Destruction of the Second Temple, 68 CE. (See: Destruction and diaspora)
Era of the Mishna and Talmud-sages:
- Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, died 74 CE, gained the favor of Vespasian and managed to rescue a number of leading Torah-sages and brought them to the yeshiva (Torah-academy) in Yavneh. (See:What Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai did for Judaism)
- Betar fell, and Bar Kochba's revolt ended in tragedy, 133 CE.
- Rabbi Akiva, died 134 CE, was a leading Torah-sage throughout the Roman upheavals.
- Rabbi Judah Hanassi, died 188 CE, completed the redaction of the Mishna (Oral Law), based on ancient tradition.
- Rav (Rabbi Abba Aricha) left Israel and settled in Babylonia, 219 CE. Founded the yeshiva (Torah academy) of Sura. Died 247 CE.
- Rabbi Yochanan was the leading Talmudic authority, 254 CE. Redacted the Jerusalem Talmud.
- Rabbi Yehudah was the leading Talmudic authority, 298 CE. Disciple of Rav.
- Abayei and Rava were the leading Talmudic authorities, 325 CE. These two participated in the redaction of the Babylonian Talmud.
- Rav (Rabbi) Ashi was the leading Talmudic authority, 392 CE.
- Final redaction of the Talmud, 475 CE. It was put in writing 25 years later.
Era of the Geonim (Torah-leaders in Babylonia):
- The yeshiva of Pumbeditha was reopened (after Persian persecutions), 589 CE. Era of the Geonim begins.
- The yeshiva of Sura was reopened, 609 CE.
- Rabbi Yitzchak was the last Gaon (sage) of Neharde'a (Firuz-Shabur). 636 CE.
- Rabbi Achai Gaon left Bavel (Iraq) for Israel, 755 CE.
- The Halakhot Gedolot, an early codex of halakha (Torah laws), was written at this time. 759 CE.
- Rabbi Amram (who put the Siddur [prayerbook] in writing), became Gaon (Torah-leader) of Sura. 858 CE.
- Rabbi Saadya (882-942) was appointed Gaon of Sura, 928 CE. He led opposition against the breakaway Karaites. (See: The Karaites and other ancient groups)
- Four sages were taken hostage and ransomed at around this time, 955 CE. This event contributed to the spread of Torah-learning to lands other than Babylonia.
- Rabbi Sherira (906-1006) became Gaon of Pumbedita, 968 CE.
- Rabbi Hai Gaon (939-1038), last of the leading Babylonian Torah sages.
European Jewry:
- Rabbi Gershom Me'or HaGolah (c.960-1040) was the sage who decreed against Jewish polygamy.
- Rabbi Isaac Al-Fasi (1013-1103) was the author of a major compendium of Halakha.
- Rashi (Rabbi Shelomo Yitzchaki, 1040-1105), author of the greatest of the Talmud commentaries.
- First Crusade, 1096. First recorded blood libel, 1144.
- Rabbenu Tam (Rabbi Yaakov Tam, 1100-1170), a leading Talmudist. He was a grandson of Rashi.
- The Rambam (Maimonides), 1135-1204, author of several major works in halakha and Jewish thought.
- A massive burning of the Talmud by anti-Semites took place in Paris, 1242.
- The Inquisition began to use torture, 1252.
- The Ramban (Nachmanides), 1194-1270, author of a leading commentary on the Torah.
- All Jews were expelled from England, 1290.
- The Maharam (Rabbi Meir) of Rothenburg (1215-1293), last of the Tosafists (early Talmud-commentators).
- The Ralbag (Rabbi Levi ben Gershom), 1288-1344, author of a commentary on the Bible.
- Rabbi Nissim (1320-1376), and other Torah-scholars in Spain, were imprisoned. 1367.
- The expulsion of Jews from France, 1394.
- Rabbi Yosef Albo (1380-1444) was in a forced debate with Christians, 1413.
- The invention of printing, 1440s.
- Rabbi Ovadya Bertinura (1445-1515), Rabbi in Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) from 1488, author of the leading commentary on the Mishna.
- Jews expelled from Spain and Sicily, 1492.
- Rabbi Yitzchak Abarbanel (1437-1508), Rabbi in Naples from 1493. Author of a book on Jewish thought.
- All Jews were expelled from Portugal, 1496.
- The Turks (Ottoman Empire) conquered the land of Israel, 1516.
- Rabbi Joseph Caro (1488-1575) published the Shulchan Arukh, a leading text of Jewish law, in 1566.
Later Rabbis and events:
- Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534-1572), was a leading kabbalist.
- The Maharal (Rabbi Loewe), 1512-1609, Rabbi in Prague from 1573. Maker of the legendary Golem.
- Rabbi Shmuel Eidels (1555-1631), Rabbi in Lublin from 1614, author of a leading Talmud commentary.
- Rabbi Yoel Sirkes (1561-1640), author of a major commentary on the Shulchan Arukh.
- Rabbi Shabsei Cohen (1621-1662) and Rabbi David Halevi (1586-1667) publish leading commentaries on the Shulchan Arukh in 1646.
- Chmielnicki massacres, 1648-9.
- Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (1707-1746), author of a famous text on piety.
- Rabbi Israel Ba'al Shem Tov (1700-1760), founder of modern Hassidism.
- The Pale of Jewish Settlement was established in Russia, 1791.
- The Vilna Gaon (Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, 1720-1797), famous Talmudist.
- Rabbi Chaim Yosef David Azulai (1724-1806), sage and biliographer.
- Rabbi Nachman of Breslov (1772-1810), charismatic pietist and Hassidic leader.
- Rabbi Yisrael Salanter (1810-1883), founder of the modern Mussar movement.
- Rabbi Meir Malbim (1809-1879), opponent of the secularists (Haskalah), authored a major commentary on the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible).
- Rabbi Israel Meir Kohen (Chafetz Chaim), 1838-1933, beloved pietist and Talmudist.
- Wave of Russian pogroms begins, 1881.
- Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried (1804-1886), author of the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch.
- Rabbi Abraham Karelitz (Chazon Ish), 1878-1953, leading Torah sage in Israel from 1933.
- Germany started World War II, and mass killing of 6 million Jews, 1939.
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