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According to the Oxford dictionary, the name was originally applied to the Great Auk (from Newfoundland), which is now extinct. It's from a Welsh word pen gwyn (translates roughly to white heads).

There is an interesting entry in the Golden Hind's ship logs (Drake's famous ship). When the Golden Hind sailed through the Magellan Straights, Welsh sailors are said to have called the birds ("foule") pengwins. It's thought they mistook the penguins for Auks. Either that or they simply used the word pengwin because they resembled the Auk. Hard to say which it was. Regardless, the name stuck.

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Q: Why are penguins named penguins?
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