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How does changing a nucleotide in the DNA code for b-globin change the characteristics of hemoglobin?
Changing a nucleotide in the DNA code for beta-globin can lead to a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein sequence, impacting the structure and function of hemoglobin. This change can affect the ability of hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, leading to altered oxygen transport in the body and potentially causing conditions like sickle cell anemia.
What are the bumps that can be found in great abundance on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum?
The bumps found in abundance on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum are ribosomes. These are involved in protein synthesis and can exist in two forms: free ribosomes in the cytoplasm and bound ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
What does synthesis protein mean?
Synthesis protein refers to the process by which cells in the body build new proteins using information from DNA. This process involves transcription of DNA into mRNA, and then translation of mRNA into protein by ribosomes. Protein synthesis is essential for cellular functions and plays a key role in growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues in the body.
Why squids blood contains haemocyanin?
Since squids do not have haemoglobin they use haemocyanin to bind and transport oxygen throughout their body.
Haemoglobin in animals?
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. In animals, hemoglobin is crucial for the respiratory system to function properly and maintain homeostasis by ensuring proper oxygen delivery. The structure of hemoglobin allows it to bind to oxygen in the lungs and release it in tissues where it is needed for energy production.
What is one role that triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides play in a cell?
Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides form hydrogen bonds with their complements in a DNA parent strand during transcription of the leading strand of DNA. Example Adenine nucleotides bind to thymine nucleotides Guanine nucleotides bind to Cytosine nucleotides
What does a single strand of DNA bind to in the phosphate group?
The 5 prime end of the strand.
What enzyme binds fragments of DNA on the lagging strand?
DNA ligase is the enzyme that binds together the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication. It forms phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides to create a continuous strand of DNA.
What is the molecule called that can bind to a receptor protein?
The molecule that can bind to a receptor protein is called a ligand.
What is an end replication problem?
The end replication problem is a challenge that occurs during DNA replication. It involves the inability of DNA polymerase to fully replicate the end of linear chromosomes, leading to loss of genetic material during cell division. This problem is partly addressed by the enzyme telomerase, which adds repetitive DNA sequences called telomeres to the ends of chromosomes to protect them from degradation.
What role does ssb protein play in DNA replcation?
The ssb protein, or single-strand binding protein, helps stabilize single-stranded DNA during DNA replication. It prevents the single-stranded DNA from forming secondary structures and protects it from degradation by nucleases. This allows DNA polymerase to efficiently bind and synthesize the complementary DNA strand.
What do the template strands of DNA always begin with?
DNA is made of of two complimentary strands, the coding strand and the template strand. When DNA is transcribed (made into messenger RNA which can be converted by ribosomes into proteins) the DNA splits open and free nucleotide bases bind to the template strand. DNA is made of T/C/G/A and RNA is made of U/C/G/A nucleotide bases. G and C bind (they are said to be 'complimentary') A and T bind and in RNA U and A bind (so U replaces T.) The newly formed RNA strand (made on the template stand of DNA) is 'complimentary' to the template but the same as the coding strand of DNA. Hence the template is used to produce RNA which is a copy of the coding strand. Either strand of DNA can act as the template/coding strand. Hope that is a little bit helpful!
What will happen if a membrane protein were unable to bind to a signaling molecule?
If a membrane protein were unable to bind to a signaling molecule, it would lead to a disruption in cell signaling pathways. This could result in altered cellular responses, such as improper communication between cells or impaired signaling cascades, leading to dysfunctional physiological processes.
Enhancers must bind to the repressor protein?
Enhancers do not directly bind to repressor proteins. Enhancers typically bind to activator proteins, which in turn help recruit RNA polymerase to the promoter region of a gene, leading to gene transcription. Repressor proteins, on the other hand, bind to specific DNA sequences to inhibit gene transcription.
End replication problem in DNA replication?
The end replication problem arises due to the inability of the DNA polymerase to complete the synthesis of the lagging strand's end. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in Okazaki fragments, leading to a leftover single-stranded portion at the chromosome end. This issue is resolved by telomeres, repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes, and the enzyme telomerase, which adds these sequences to prevent gene loss during cell division.
What do hormones bind to on the surface of target cells?
Hormones typically bind to specific protein receptors located on the surface of target cells. These receptors are responsible for initiating a signaling pathway within the cell in response to the hormone binding, leading to specific cellular responses.
Does it matter which of the separated DNA chains is used for transcription?
No, it does not matter which of the separated DNA chains is used for transcription as both strands can serve as templates for the synthesis of RNA. The enzyme RNA polymerase can bind to either strand and initiate transcription of the complementary RNA molecule.
