The usual noun is "cattle." The generic adjective is "bovine."
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Cows are not castrated. Bulls are. Bull calves are best castrated before 6 months of age.
Bulls typically stand 5.5 to 6.5 feet tall at the shoulder, while cows are usually around 4.5 to 5.5 feet tall. The exact height can vary depending on the breed of cattle.
Moose typically stand around 6-7.5 feet tall at the shoulder. Bulls are generally taller than cows, with mature bulls reaching heights at the shoulder of up to 10 feet.
The average height of a moose is around 6 to 7 feet tall at the shoulder. Bulls (males) are typically taller than cows (females).
Whenever you need to separate them. Honestly, it's your choice when you want to separate them. But note that in terms of cow-calf herds, you need to separate calves from cows when the calves are around 6 months of age. It may be a good idea to separate bull calves and steer calves and their mommas from the cows that have heifer calves at their side a month or two prior to weaning. Heifers and steers can be together, but you need to separate bull calves from heifers and keep them separate during the weaning process. This minimizes the risk of these young bulls breeding an early-maturing heifer and getting her bred by accident. Cows should be separated from bulls (NOT vice-versa, as it's more dangerous to separate bulls from the cows) after 60 to 80 days have passed since the bull was put in with the cows. Separate cull cows from the main cowherd the day you are going to sell them or, if you want to fatten up these cull cows, a few weeks prior to selling them. Before winter sets in, separate thin cows from the fat or normally-conditioned cows and put them with your bred heifer herd.