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A duck reproduces the same way all animals do. By mating. Whistling ducks (like swans and geese) form long-lasting, monogamous pair bonds; often a male-female pair will remain together for life, sharing parental duties each breeding season. However, most true ducks, though technically considered monogamous, form new pair bonds each year. This pairing off may begin as early as August, at which time pairs of many species begin to engage in elaborate courtship displays. These displays involve movements and counter-movements that appear to be exaggerated preening, head bobbing, and feeding behaviors, as well as particular calls and postures-such as holding both head and tail up-that are unique to courtship. Sometimes these displays start in a social context that includes a large pool of potential mates.

Once paired, the male of some duck species will defend both a territory and the female from other males, while the female finds a suitable nest site and lays her clutch of eggs. Despite the sometimes fierce watch kept by the male, the female may mate with other males. Genetic analyses now available to scientists have revealed that this phenomenon occurs in many birds who were once considered strictly monogamous. After early incubation, the bond between the parents weakens, and the male of many species will abandon the female, leaving her to defend the eggs from nest predators such as skunks and foxes.

Ducklings imprint on their mother, a process that begins with the mother and ducklings exchanging low calls before the ducklings have even hatched. Almost immediately after hatching, most ducklings will follow the mothers into nearby water. The newly hatched ducklings are covered with a dense, insulating down that traps air, making them buoyant.

The young are able to forage immediately, but they still rely on the mother to defend them from predators. When necessary, she will call them to her with a "contact call." Maternal care in most species lasts until the young are nearly able to fly, but the duration of parental care varies across species. In ruddy ducks, for example, the mother watches over her brood for only a few days; in some sea ducks, she will care for them for a few weeks, after which the young from various broods form crèches attended by one or more adults.

Source: The Human Society of the United States

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