Ammuntion that is marked 44 Mag. Bullet weights from 180-300 grains are available.
Golden Saber
Depends. If you mean the Ruger Mini-14 or Ranch Rifle, yes, you can. It is chambered for .223 and 5.56x45 ammo. If you read the owner's manual (available on the Ruger website) it will tell you that on page 13. The Target Model is ONLY for .223. Of course, the 6.8mm and the Mini-30 use different ammo entirely.
It can use either 44 magnum or 44 special
the m16 uses 5.56 caliber ammo
Some studies indicate the repeated use (20,000) of steel cased ammo will prematurely wear the barrel on semi auto rifles. The normal user will not see the difference.
It will be printed on the barrel
45+70 Government
The HK 4.6×30mm cartridge.
Any revolver. As for semi auto pistols, the 'Ring of Fire' guns (Lorcin, Raven, Jennings, Bryco, Jiminez, etc.) are designed to use cheap ammo. The Ruger pistols are pretty tolerant as far as ammo goes, as well.
Take it to a gunsmith for verification.
For just plinking and general target shooting? Never had a problem running Winchester white box through those.