You will have to me more specific. Do you mean any rifle that fires a 30 caliber projectile or 30/06 or 308?
30
The Dragunov (note corrected spelling) sniper rifle is in caliber 7.62x54mmR. This is the same caliber at the Moisin-Nagant 91/30 rifle.
No You could build a rifle in .306" or any other caliber but you are likely referring to 30.06. A 30.06 rifle is referred to as "30 Caliber" but to be accurate it is nominally .308"
No. The bullet is too big. A 30-30 is a .30 caliber bullet. a .38 bullet is .357 caliber
1895
No
Winchester 94 in 30-30 caliber.
springfield 1903 rifle........30/06 caliber
Springfield Armory
In excess of a mile.
About 300 meters, depending on the rifle, sights, ammo, and skill of the shooter.