Yes
It depends on the power of the air rifle, Local laws and the location where you live.
No.
It all depends on the rifle, pellet and power source.
Depends on the rifle. Accurately? About 50 yards max.
Depends on where the backyard is located.
yes
yes, if you are in space at the time and have an air rifle, you shoot it out the window, you die because of the vacuum, but it is successful. you killed yourself but got a BB pellet into space. WEAR a helmet next time.
Not anywhere in the US that I am aware of. Do understand that an air rifle, from a certain distance, looks like any other rifle so don't point it at cops or they will shoot you.
You can go to a range where they teach you how to shoot or you could buy and Air rifle and pellets and see how you get on with it as Air Rifles are not overly expensive. After a few years of practicing at a range or with your own Air Rifle you can become a Crack shot.
No. It's not designed to shoot them.
If it is BB or a pellet gun, yes. A real firearm, no.