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In the 1870s, US farmer's wives and their husbands joined the Patrons of Husbandry, the Grange, which sponsored dances,fairs, and lecturers who talked on just about any subject.

It was a social organization for farmers. In the 1880s, new groups like the Grange mushroomed all over the nation. The largest became the Southern Alliance. Both the Grange and the Alliance were supposed to be nonpolitical and were dedicated to taking women from their "enslaved role" into full participation in the agrarian movement with men. The Grange soon began to get political. It attacked the railroads for exploiting farmers, and elected politicians sympathetic to farmers who worked to regulate fares. The Supreme Court struck down the "Granger Laws" which were used to regulate the railroads, and the Grange and Alliance fell apart. Co-ops began to take the place of the Grange, and began to operated on a nonprofit basis, allowing farmers to pool their resources to purchase items more cheaply and to operate Credit Unions (membership of farmers) that acted like banks but more sympathetic to the farmers plight.

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Q: Was the grange movement a product of populism?
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