What were the beliefs of Franklin D. Roosevelt?

Answer 1

Major Domestic Policy: The main reason why Roosevelt was elected was his promised policies towards the depression. The major promise was that the people would get a "New Deal." He wanted the government to provide Americans with everything they needed. Other policies that fueled his campaign included a repeal of prohibition, aid to farmers, stock exchange reforms, and revision of the tariff. Many looked to Roosevelt as the only hope to end the depression, so many early legislation proposals passed through Congress without a second look. Only a day after he was inaugurated Roosevelt convinced Congress to pass the Emergency Banking Relief Act. This gave the banks a holiday, and each bank would be checked and reopened only when it was safe to. Congress also passed the Federal Securities Act, which reformed the security exchange. From then on, securities that were put up for sale had to include full information about the seller. Leadership of this policy changed in 1934 from the Federal Trade Commission to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Starting in 1933, the United States completely disposed of the gold standard. Together, the Stegall Act and the Banking Act provided more power for the Federal Reserve Board and they created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured all deposits in banks. Along with fighting the causes of the depression, Roosevelt also battled problems with agriculture, recovering businesses, and unemployment. To deal with the unemployment problem, Roosevelt created the WPA (Works Progress Administration) in 1935. This group was later broken up into three other subdivisions. These subdivisions included the NYA (Nations Youth Administration), the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), and the PWA (Public Works Administration). The PWA was in charge of building public schools and dealt with other public works projects. Overall, the PWA's and CCC's main goal was to put money back into circulation. The CCC also dealt with national parks and forests. NYA helped adolescents who wanted to continue their education. The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 helped cut down overproduction of goods by paying farmers to plow over their fields. The AAA was helped by the severe drought in farming areas, but the AAA was shot down by the court case United States vs. Butler. The government also focused on helping business. The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 helped restore businesses and protect them by providing fair trade codes. This act was also shot down by a court case, Schechter vs. United States. It was shot down on the grounds that it regulated interstate commerce. The NIRA and the AAA provided the basis for Roosevelt's New Deal policies, but both of them were shot down by Supreme Court cases. The infuriated Roosevelt, and he resorted to calling them the "Nine Old Men." Roosevelt tried to convince Congress to pass legislation that would allow his to appoint 6 more justices to the Supreme Court, but Congress shot it down. Roosevelt eventually got his wish, however, as seven justices resigned and he was allowed to appoint seven new ones. Even though Roosevelt's policies alleviated the effects of the Great Depression, it did not end until businesses began mobilizing for war.

Major Foreign Policy: The United States still wanted to keep a policy of neutrality even when Hitler gained power in Germany. Congress passed the Neutrality Acts that limited trade with nations mobilizing for war. The U.S. still held neutral when Japan wrongfully attacked the gunship Panay. Shortly after it was attacked, Japan criticized the Five Power Act of the Washington Conference and the U.S.'s only response was to boost the navy. Congress soon passed the Neutrality Act of 1939 (Cash and Carry Act) that discarded all embargoes. In 1941, Britain had depleted all its funds, and in response the United States created the Lend-Lease Act. This allowed the United States to lend war and battle ships to the Allies. On the edge of war, Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met and signed the Atlantic Charter. This outlined the objectives of the war. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and the United States entered the war against the Axis Powers. The United States saw little success in the beginning of the war, but when the Americans adopted the technique of island hopping in the Pacific, they slowly made their way toward Japan. The Americans successfully overcame Germany in Africa under the command of General Eisenhower. The war lasted a total of almost four years. The push towards peace had been started during the war in 1943, after the Russians successfully turned the tide of war. The Moscow Conference was held, and it held that there was a need for an international peace keeping commission. Congress accepted the provision. The Teheran Conference was held in 1943, the Dumbarton Oaks was held in 1944, and the San Francisco Conference was held in 1945. These conferences were all aimed at created a national peace keeping organization. The charter for the United Nations was created, and it was signed by fifty nations in San Francisco. Congress ratified this proposal with very little opposition.


Major Supreme Court Cases:
âž¾ Schecter Poultry Corporation vs. United States (1935): Declared the National Industrial Act unconstitutional.
âž¾ United States vs. Butler (1936): Processing taxes created under the AAA were unconstitutional.
âž¾ National Labor Relations Board vs. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937): Declared that the National Labor Relations Act was unconstitutional.
âž¾ West Virginia State Board of Education vs. Barnette (1943): The Free Speech Clause protected students against being forced to salute the flag or say the Pledge of Allegiance.
âž¾ Hirabayashi vs. United States (1943): Curfews could be placed on minority groups when there was a war against the country from which that group originated.
âž¾ Korematsu vs. United States (1944): The Supreme Court decided that the Executive Order 9066, which forced American-Japanese to relocate to camps, was constitutional.
âž¾ Ex parte Endo (1944): The Supreme Court decided to forbid the confinement of Japanese-Americans who were born in the United States.

Social and Intellectual Developments:
âž¾ The New Deal has government interfere with the economy, social, welfare, and the arts
âž¾ Great Depression
âž¾ Rise in labor movements throughout the country
âž¾ Married women more common in the work place
âž¾ Continuous movement of families affected by the dust bowl west
âž¾ New policies in dealing with Native Americans
o New Deal policies
âž¾ Government gears industry for war
âž¾ Depression ends with war mobilization
âž¾ Blacks in the South and rural Whites begin getting jobs in cities
âž¾ More fighting for civil rights
âž¾ Film industry aids the war effort

Roosevelt's Legacy: Roosevelt did more in twelve years in office than most presidents did put together. Most of these actions were a result of events not caused by him, but he handled them effectively. Roosevelt single handedly reshaped American Presidents. He had an effective bond with the public through his fireside chats. He surrounded himself with politicians devoted to the foreign and domestic policies of the United States and had an overall passion for government. He greatly increased the responsibilities of the president.

Answer 2

relief for the needy

Answer 3

Niger