Depends upon what court the action originates in. If a trademark case is brought in state court, a state court of appeals would hear the appeal. If a copyright license case is in state court, same rule. If a copyright or trademark case is in federal court, then a federal circuit court of appeals would hear it. If it is a case of a trademark registration appeal, it would be taken to the Trademark Trials and Appeals Board and could end up in the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC).
US Court of Federal Claims would hear those cases.
Your State Court or Federal court have jurisdiction to hear the case of medical negligence.
The case won't be heard in Federal Court. The initial trial (if it ever gets that far) will be heard in the lowest level court of original jurisdiction - probably a state circuit court.
Claims of monetary damage caused to the Plaintiff due to the actions (or inactions) of the Federal Government.
Constitution, treaties, or Federal Laws
In this case, the case would first be filed to the federal district and appeals court. There, they hear cases that involve laws or regulations passed by the Congress or an agency of federal government.
I would bring the case to state court, because if you bring the case to federal court it can't be heard again, but if you bring the case to state court then, if you lose, the case be appealed and heard again, if they chose to hear it, in supreme court then it can't be heard again if you lose again in supreme court.
The Judicial branch includes all the federal courts. The court's authority to hear a case is called jurisdiction; the authority to hear a case for the first time is called "original jurisdiction."
It would depend on several factors; What type of case is it? Which court system is it filed in (state or federal)? In state court it would be heard in the lowest state court of original jurisdiction (usually a Circuit Court. In the federal system it would be the US DIstrict Court which included that state in its circuit.
A court of appeals is a court of appellate jurisdiction. This is in contrast to a court of original jurisdiction. If I get in a car wreck and want to sue, I would file my lawsuit in the trial court (whether state or federal), a court of original jurisdiction. Say I lose. I get one appeal as of right to the court of appeals. In most states, that is called the court of appeals or appellate division (or the circuit court of appeals in the federal system) There judges would review my case to be sure the decision at trial was proper. If I lose again, I could petition my State's supreme court (or the US supreme court if I was in federal court) for what is called certiorari (which just means I am asking them to hear my case). The Supreme Court is not required to hear my case, but if they do, that would be the final word on whatever issue I presented to that court in most cases.
Concurrent jurisdiction allows both state and federal courts to hear cases involving federal laws, diversity of citizenship cases, and cases involving concurrent jurisdiction statutes. It means either court can hear the case.