The different ways in which you can become a citizen of the US are :
1) through birth in the US,
2) through naturalization
3) acquiring citizenship through birth abroad to US citizen parents
4) automatically deriving citizenship through naturalized parents
A child that is born in the US becomes a US citizen irrespective of the status of its parents.
A permanent resident can apply for naturalization if he/she has had the green card for 5 years (3 in case of being married to a US citizen) and meets all the other eligibility requirements.
A child born abroad to US citizen parent(s) can claim citizenship through the parent(s). There are certain residency conditions that the parents should meet. The child should be living in the legal custody of the US citizen parent.
A child automatically becomes a citizen if his/her parent(s) naturalize before the child turns 18. The child should be a permanent resident and meet other eligibility requirements as well.
Step One. Determine your relationship to a Qualifying US Relative
If you do not fit in to one of the following categories you will not be able to apply for Permanent Residence (the "Green Card") through a family member. The wait times for these categories increases as you move down the list. The approximate waiting time for an Immigrant Visa time is in parentheses next to each category.
Step Two. Apply for your Immigrant Visa
This procedure is based on the location of the intending immigrant. This is a very broad overview of this procedure.
If you want to become a citizen based on your own status you can do so through the naturalization process by applying for US citizenship. You will have to submit the US citizenship application. To eligible for naturalization you must be 18 years old and should have been a permanent resident for more than 5 years. You also need to fulfill all other qualification requirements like continuous residence, physical presence, state stay and good moral character.
I had to establish residence in the US first. Foreign nationals can enlist in the US military, but permanent residence has to be established first.
Possibly, assuming your permanent residence status was granted due to your marriage to a US citizen or foreign national who also is a permanent resident.
Yes, but you must establish permanent residence in the US first.
If they've established permanent residence in the US, yes.
Applying for a permanent residence is simple. All you have to do is get all your paper work together and apply for a visa for the US.
You will need to establish an address of residence.
Antarctica has no permanent human residence. The only permanent residents are penguins.
Not necessarily. The requirements for obtaining permanent residence (green card) vary depending on the specific case and circumstances of each individual. Some legalized aliens may automatically qualify for a green card after their temporary status expires, while others may need to apply and meet certain criteria to be eligible for permanent residence.
They would have to establish permanent residence in the US first.
If you mean on a tourist visa, no.
Yes, so long as they've established permanent residence.
Yes, IF they've first established permanent residence in the United States.