Yes
Yes
The Department of Transportation. The Coast Guard is a part of this department in peacetime.
The United States Coast Guard is the largest branch in the Department of Homeland Security. Pre 9/11 it was operated by the Department of Transportation.
As of 2002 the United States Coast Guard falls under the Department of Homeland Securtity. Prior to that they fell under Department of Transportation from 1967 . Formally 1 of the 5 Armed Military Branches of Service, they can be assigned Military duties at any time by the President or during times of war by Congress when it falls under the US Navy's cognizance.
The Army, The Air Force and the United States Navy all fall under the Department of Defense. The US Marice Corps falls under the Department of the Navy and the US Coast Guard has it's jurisdiction falling under the Department of Transporatation.
No, the Coast Guard serves under the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime. However, during times of war or when directed by the President, the Coast Guard can be transferred to the Department of Defense to support military operations.
Title 32
The Coast Guard states that you do need a high school diploma, but that GED's are accepted under special circumstances. The Coast Guard is the smallest branch therefore the most competitive but it is possible.
Yes, if the boat is under coast guard jurisdiction, or some other place that has adopted coast-guard regulations for fire extinguishers, then any REQUIRED fire extinguisher aboard must be coast-guard approved and labelled accordingly.
There are currentely 86 countries that are recognized to have a Coast Guard. While some countries Naval forces operate under both pretenses, only 86 have official units portraying Coast Guard activities.
The United States Coast Guard is the only Military Service, in addition to Army and Air National Guard under Title 32 USC, not constrained by the Posse Comitatus Act or its extension by DOD directive.