Asia And Africa
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First of all, "the Muslims" have not been politically unified for centuries. Often the worst enemy for a particular Islamic Empire would be another Islamic Empire. In Spain, for example, during the Taifa Kingdoms period, Islamic States would often solicit help from Christian States in the north to jointly launch an attack on a different Islamic State. On other occasions, Islamic Empires fought against Christian States, Hindu States, Sikh States, Buddhist States, and Animist States. Currently, the greatest amount of Muslims' angst and hatred is directed at the world's only Jewish State.
Several different empires continued to spread Islam after the collapse of the Abbassid Caliphate, the last Arab-led Caliphate (prior to the 21st century). Some of these numerous states include: the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, the Timurid Empire, the Mughal Empire, the numerous Islamic Sultanates in Indonesia (specifically in Sumatra and Java), the Omani Empire and Somali States, the Songhai Empire in central Africa, etc.
There really are no commonalities with the one caveat that they were all "Islamic States". (Even this is not entirely true, since Ghana existed for 400 years before Islam arrived in its territory.) However, saying that all of these empires are "Islamic States" really says nothing about their overriding cultures, legal systems, internal organizations, foreign policies, etc.
Islam was introduced to Africa in the A.D. 600s through trade routes and migration. Its influence varied across different regions, leading to the establishment of Islamic states such as the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empires in West Africa. Islam also played a significant role in shaping African societies, cultures, and trade networks, impacting aspects of governance, law, education, and architecture.
Numerous empires such as the various Caliphates (Umayyad, Abbassid, Buyid, Idrissid, Fatimid, Samanid, Safavid, etc.) and modern States around the world have Islam as their major religion. These disparate places and empires are usually called "Islamic Civilization".
Palestine was under the control of various Islamic Empires from 634 C.E. to 1917 C.E. with the exception of 200 years of Crusader States from 1100-1300. However, Palestine was never organized as a single governate nor was it a regional hub under any Islamic Empire. It was considered a regional backwater.
He fought against neighboring African states and the French colonialists in an attempt to create to an Islamic Empire in West Africa.
I am not sure what "the" Islamic Empire is. There have twenty-five or so different Islamic Empires. However, there are some territories that the Ottomans failed to conquer that were part of other Muslim States either concurrently or in times past. Persia, India, Spain, and Indonesia all come to mind.
The underlying claim of the question refers to a situation that never took place. Islamic Empires CONSISTENTLY used warfare to expand their borders, just like every other empire in history. Integration by treaty is a modern invention that did not come into the Islamic World until after European Colonization.The question likely confuses two different parallel issues: (1) the peaceful expansion of Islam as a religion, and (2) the militant expansion of Islamic Empires.The religion of Islam expanded peacefully in many instances because Muslim merchants or clerics would leave their homes in the Islamic Empires to conduct trade of evangelism with people outside of those empires. At that point, they would be able to proselytize and convert Non-Muslims in the Non-Muslim-majority state to Islam. In this way, the religion was able to spread in advance of the actual empires expanding. In this case, only the belief is expanding, not political territory controlled by Islamic governments.The Islamic Empires, however, expanded through warfare and destruction of the other states, statelets, empires, tribal territories, kingdoms, and principalities that stood in their way. This is no different than what any other empire did. The Islamic Empires, however, had a simple system for accession to citizenship, namely conversion to Islam. As a result, former enemies of Islamic conquerors would convert to Islam and then turn around to conquer other Non-Muslim neighbors and partake in their share of the booty.
Greek conquered the neighboring empires