the instruments in navigation are gps's, kamals, sextants, cross staff, back staff, mariners astrolabe, quadrant, and octants :)
There are quite a few devices that have made sea exploration as you know it possible. Submarines are one of these devices.
Eight. That may be a big part of the reason why they're called "OCTants".Or maybe it's just a coincidence.
Sextants are still used today by some sailors, navigators, and maritime enthusiasts for celestial navigation. While GPS systems have largely replaced sextants for navigation on most modern ships, sextants are still valued for their reliability as a backup navigation tool and for their historical significance.
Quadrants are usually the four parts of a circle that are created by the two coordinate axes - in 2-dimensional space. Octants are their 3-dimensional counterparts: they are the eight shapes created by the three [orthogonal] coordinate planes.
Compasses, sextants, astrolabes, telescopes, and binoculars.
Sailors use sextants to measure the angle between a celestial body, such as the sun or a star, and the horizon. By knowing the time of day and comparing this angle with the celestial body's known position in the sky, sailors can determine their latitude and longitude, assisting with navigation at sea.
They took star-sights with sextants and often made their own maps.
A protractor is one such instrument. Navigational aides that do the same include compasses and sextants.
The octree method for hidden surface removal involves dividing the 3D space into smaller and smaller octants. Each octant is further divided until a certain criteria is met (e.g., maximum depth or minimum size). This hierarchical structure helps identify and remove hidden surfaces by checking which octants are completely hidden by others. The octree method is efficient for accelerating rendering in complex 3D scenes.
Nowadays it is easy because of GPS, but in the olden days they had to use real navigation techniques with sextants and magnetic variation charts.
Navigation technologies in the age of Heroic Exploration included sextants, theodolites and other celestial navigation tools.