Quality Circles was formalised by Dr K Ishikawa in 1960 Japan. More information about quality circles can be found through Kaoru Ishikawa or W. Edwards Deming This is a concise and brief function of Quality Circle: "A Quality Circle is a small group of people, usually between three and twelve but normally eight, who do similar work, who meet together regularly for about one hour per week or fortnight in company time, usually under the leadership of their foreman or supervisor, on a voluntary basis, to identify problems, analyse the causes, recommend their solutions to management and, where possible, to implement the solutions themselves." -David Hutchins (1982), Ringing the Bell with Quality Circles, Management Review and Digest- http://www.hutchins.co.uk/Ar_BelCirc.aspx
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