Treaties

After World War I, several treaties were signed to establish peace and redraw the boundaries of Europe and other regions. Here are the five major treaties:

Treaty of Versailles (1919) – Signed with Germany, this was the most famous of the treaties. It imposed heavy reparations, territorial losses, military restrictions, and accepted German responsibility for the war (the "war guilt clause").

Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) – Signed with Austria, this treaty dissolved the Austro-Hungarian Empire and recognized the independence of various nations like Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia. It also imposed territorial losses on Austria.

Treaty of Neuilly (1919) – Signed with Bulgaria, it required Bulgaria to cede territories to Greece, Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia), and pay reparations.

Treaty of Trianon (1920) – Signed with Hungary, this treaty significantly reduced Hungarian territory and population, with lands going to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

Treaty of Sèvres (1920) – Signed with the Ottoman Empire, it partitioned much of the empire's territory, leading to the creation of new nations like Iraq and Syria under the League of Nations mandates. This treaty was later renegotiated as the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, after the Turkish War of Independence.

These treaties reshaped Europe and parts of the Middle East, but also planted the seeds for future conflicts.

The Treaty of Ghent.

That was the Treaty of Ghent. It required the Americans and the British to return any land that they have gained during the war. Both sides agreed to make the 49th parallel of latitude the political boundary from west of the Great Lakes to the Rocky mountains.

The treaty that stopped nuclear testing in the atmosphere was the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, signed in 1963 by the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. This treaty prohibited nuclear testing in the atmosphere, underwater, and in space, helping to reduce the environmental and health risks associated with nuclear weapons testing.

The Limited Test Ban Treaty, signed in 1963, prohibited nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and underwater. This allowed for a reduction in tensions between the USA and the USSR by lessening the risk of radioactive fallout and environmental damage caused by nuclear tests.

The Outer Space Treaty, also known as the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, was signed by 107 countries.

That is called the Partial Test Ban Treaty. It was signed in 1963 and banned the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater.

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an agreement that regulates the international trade of endangered species, while the biodiversity treaty refers to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which focuses on conserving biological diversity, promoting sustainable use of its components, and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. In essence, CITES specifically deals with trade of endangered species, while the biodiversity treaty has a broader scope encompassing all aspects of biodiversity conservation.