Emergency Medicine

Toxicologists are typically paid by government agencies, academic institutions, research organizations, pharmaceutical companies, environmental consulting firms, and private industry clients who require toxicology expertise for risk assessment or product development.

Low voltage on an EKG typically indicates a decrease in the electrical activity recorded from the heart, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as obesity, chronic lung disease, pericardial effusion, or poor contact between the skin and EKG electrodes. It is important to follow up with a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and appropriate management.

The epi-pen is a life-saving device that provides a quick and easy way to administer epinephrine during severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis. By having an epi-pen readily available, individuals with severe allergies can feel more confident and prepared to manage emergencies, which can significantly improve their quality of life and provide peace of mind.

The process of sorting or grouping patients according to the seriousness of their condition is called triage. Triage involves assessing patients based on the severity of their illness or injury to determine the order in which they should receive medical attention. This helps ensure that those with the most critical needs are treated first.

The acronym AVPU is used to determine the alertness and level of consciousness of a patient. It is commonly taught in first aid courses and used by triage personnel, first aiders and emergency medical technicians.

Alert - is alert and responsive; eyes open spontaneously when approached.

Voice - responds to voice.

Pain - responds to a painful stimuli.

Unresponsive - does not respond to a painful stimuli.

AVPU is pivotal to medical staff as it outlines the mental capacity of the patient in light of their accident. Once the level of AVPU is established, the medical personnel can work through the priority action and treatment plan.

Usually, medical or first aid personnel will circle the relevant letter. For example, if the patient responds to voice, the V on the AVPU is circled or highlighted.

No, forensic medicine is not a sub-specialty of emergency medicine. Forensic medicine is a sub-specialty of pathology.

To become a residency trained Emergency physician, you need four years of undergraduate work, 4 years of medical school, and 3 or 4 years of an Emergency medicine (EM) residency. EM residency is 3 or 4 years because there are two paths to training in Emergency medicine: 3 year residencies and 4 year residencies. Noone knows exactly why there are two paths, there just are - mostly for historic reasons. There are no differences in ability to obtain a job or likelihood of passing board certification exams between the two pathways.

what is the maximum amount of time a tourniquet should left on

pain

The answer can be simple or very complex.

If the BB just struck the skin of the neck, you may have some bruising and pain.

If the BB went through the skin, there may be other complications: infection from a foreign body is possible. Also, damage to other structures is a concern. The neck has several important structures in close proximity - the trachea, carotid arteries, and spinal cord/vertebral column are all within about a hands-breadth of each other. A BB piercing through any of these structures can be life threatening and you should seek care immediately.

In general, it is best to have a wound attended to as soon as feasibly possible. Wounds closed after 6 hours have an increased risk of infection and may be referred for secondary closure (closure after 2-3 days of antibiotics) and extensive washout.

because its faster acting

To stop blood flow where blood is being drawed

I presume you are latex allergic, since you asked this question. There are tourniquets that contain latex and those that are latex free. It depends on what your institution purchases. You should be able to ask the person applying the tourniquet whether it is latex free and if not, request a latex free tourniquet be used on you.

crouding around can make it uncomfterble for the patent, hard for the medics to do there job and someone might step on or fall on the patent.

Severe bleeding is life threatening. So, using a tourniquet to stop such bleeding may be necessary until professional help arrives.

A tourniquet is very much a double edged sword. They can save a life and they can cause death.

Today, the recommended way to stop bleeding, severe or otherwise, is with direct pressure on the wound. This allows blood circulation to other areas near to and downstream from the wound.

The problem with a tourniquet is that it can cut off all circulation from the point of application to the end of the limb. Extended loss of circulation can cause infection, such as gangrene, and blood clots, which can result in stroke, heart attack, or lung clot. All these things can be fatal or severely disabling.

A tourniquet should be used only if direct pressure cannot sufficiently control the bleeding. It should be applied and released using a regular rhythm of about 1 minute on, then 1 minute off. And, it should be used with direct pressure. Most first responders avoid using them altogether.

By puncture site I'm guessing you mean a puncture in the epadurmas (skin). It is Placed to limit the blood flow reducing the amount of blood loss. Hope I helped

Yes, everyone should have hair in their armpits. To remove it, shaving is most common, but some people wax. Be careful not to shave too often because you could get razor burn. Yes, it is perfectly normal for a girl to have hair in her armpits.

what is the maximum amount of time a tourniquet should left on

Venous blood sampling is usually performed using a tourniquet to help locate and define peripheral veins to achieve successful and safe venipuncture. Despite widespread usage of tourniquets for venipuncture by medical and laboratory staff, very few are aware of the effects of tourniquet application on laboratory parameters. In addition, definitive guidelines regarding when and how to use a tourniquet for blood sampling are lacking.

It can cause the blood to pool and negatively affect any results including:

cholesterol levels

glucose

liver

hemogolbin

to name a few

Also it can be affected by posture i.e. if sitting for 30 minutes before or lying down.

Tourniquets are dangerous when used improperly, such as having them applied too long, as they restrict blood flow to the extremity or limb, therefore resulting in failure of that limb or extremity.

It is placed 2 to 4 inches above the wound.