"A database is self-describing in that it contains, in addition to data, a description of its own structure. It includes a set of system catalog tables, which describe the logical and physical structure of the data; a configuration file, which contains the parameter values associated with the database; and a recovery log, which records ongoing transactions and transactions that can be archived."(IBM).
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A self-describing database is one that contains metadata or documentation within the database itself that defines the structure, organization, and relationships of the data. This allows users and applications to understand and manipulate the database without relying on external resources or knowledge.