1000 msec = 1 sec

30,000 msec = 30 sec

1000

Each second has 1,000 msec in it.

Multiply the number of seconds by 1,000 and you have

the number of milliseconds in the same length of time.

ms or msec

3500 msec

Let t=0 denote the start of transmission. At t=1 msec, the first frame has been fully

transmitted. At t=271 msec, the first frame has fully arrived. At t=272 msec, the frame

acknowledging the first one has been fully sent. At t=542 msec, the acknowledementbearing frame has fully arrived. Thus, the cycle is 542 msec. A total of k frames are sent

in 542 msec, for an efficiency of k/542. Hence

a) k=1, efficiency=1/542=0,18%

b) k=7, efficiency=7/542=1,29%

c) k=4, efficiency=4/542=0,74%

250 msec

www.msbshse.ac.in ORwww.mah.nic.in/msec

around 4 msec

Generally about 300 msec.

Let t=0 denote the start of transmission.At t=1 msec,the first frame has been fully
transmitted.At t=271 msec,the first frame has fully arrived.At t=272 msec,the frame
acknowledging the first one has been fully sent.At t=542 msec,the acknowledgement-bearing
frame has fully arrived.Thus, the cycle is 542 msec.A total of k frames are sent in 542 msec,for an
efficiency of k/542.Hence
(a)k=1,efficiency=1/542=0.18%
(b)k=7,efficiency=7/542=1.29%
(c)k=4,efficiency=4/542=0.74%

http://www.mah.nic.in/msec/HNM-M08O.HTM

They travel at the same speed of light that is 299,792,458 msec-1

The transmission starts at t = 0. At t = 4096/64000 sec = 64 msec, the last bit is sent. At t = 334 msec, the last bit arrives at the satellite and the very short ACK is sent. At t = 604 msec(270 + 334), the ACK arrives at the earth. The data rate here is 4096 bits in 604 msec or about 6781 bps (4096/604msec) (window size is 1). With a window size of 7 frames, transmission time is 448 msec(512*8*7/64000) for the full window, at which time the sender has to stop. At 604 msec, the first ACK arrives and the cycle can start again. Here we have 7 × 4096 = 28,672 bits in 604 msec. The data rate is 47,470.2 bps (28,672/604msec) (window size is 7). Continuous transmission can only occur if the transmitter is still sending when the first ACK gets back at t = 604 msec. In other words, if the window size is greater than 604 msecworth of transmission, it can run at full speed. For a window size of 10 or greater, this condition is met, so for any window size of 10 or greater (e.g., 15 or 127), the data rate is 64 kbps.

The momentum of an object is given by the product of its mass and velocity. In this case, the momentum is 10.0 kg m/s and the velocity is 1.5 m/s. Therefore, the mass of the ball can be calculated as 10.0 kg m/s / 1.5 m/s = 6.67 kg.

F=ma

16 = 2 x a

=>a = 16/2 = 8 msec-2

see deltaflex.com DV = 2 g G to / pi, Gout = DV fn/pi

delay sensitive is a time delay parameter which is oftenly used in multimedia applications. The units of this parameter is sec. It usually ranges from 100 msec to 5 sec.

RTT = alpha * RTT + (1-alpha)*M

RTT = 30

RTT = 0.9 * 30 + 0.1 * 26 = 29.6

RTT = 0.9 * 29.6 + 0.1 * 32 = 29.84

RTT = 0.9 * 29.84 + 0.1 * 24 = 29.256

hope it's right

Using the principle of conservation of momentum, we can calculate that the gun will recoil at 0.08 m/s in the opposite direction of the bullet. The total momentum of the gun and bullet before firing is equal to the total momentum after firing.

Your initial velocity is 6 m/s, and your final velocity is 10 m/s. The total change in velocity is 4 m/s (10 m/s - 6 m/s). Given that this change occurs over 20 seconds, you can calculate the acceleration using the formula acceleration = change in velocity / time. Therefore, the acceleration is 0.2 m/s^2.

Devices such as transistors, IGBT, thyristors in order to protect them the rupture time is in msec. HRC fuses rupture time is more and the current for rupturing is also high making it suitable for motors/resistive loads.

Bats produce high frequency tones within their throats that deflect off of every object around them. They have highly attuned hearing that can use the reflections of these sounds to determine the location of other objects, in particular food, predators and their general environment.

The Epson Perfectino 4490 Photo Scanner has a resolution of 4800 dpi, a scanning speed of 16.96 msec per line, a maximum scan area of 8.5" by 11.7", and comes with software including Adobe Photoshop Elements.

1. Have the subject remove a shoe and sock and position the knee on the seat of a chair.

2. tap the Achilles tendon sharply with a reflex hammer.

3. observe the foot for any motion- the expected response should last between 100 and 300 msec so it may be difficult to visualize.

When you say add to times you probably mean add two durations. A time really means a specific point in time and adding two points in time is meaningless. What result would you expect from 13:00 28/02/2007 plus 12:30 03/03/2008? There really is no meaningful result.

You can add (or subtract) a duration to a time point, or you can subtract one time point from another, but you cannot add two time points.

To calculate a duration you need two time points. To sum two durations you need to calculate two durations, as per the following example:

#include<chrono>

int main()

{

using namespace std::chrono;

auto t1 = high_resolution_clock::now();

// do something....

auto t2 = high_resolution_clock::now();

auto d1 = duration_cast<milliseconds>(t2-t1).count();

t1 = high_resolution_clock::now();

// do something else....

t2 = high_resolution_clock::now();

auto d2 = duration_cast<milliseconds>(t2-t1).count();

cout << "Something took " << d1 << " msec\n";

cout << "Something else took " << d2 << " msec\n";

cout << "Total time for both tasks took: " << d1 + d2 << " msec\n";

}

a 1 bits/second

b 500 bits per second

c 500 bits per second.

I assume you meant 20 msec for c.

by Nyquist theorem

max data rate = 2H log2 V bits /sec

so H= 4KHz..

and v=2 ( say binary is transmitting )

therefore

max data rate = 2 * 4 *103 *log22 bps

max data rate = 8000 bps

Bcoz it is sampling per 1ms

so

For a steady flow of charge through a surface, the current I in amperes can be calculated with the following equation:I = Q/t

where Q is the electric charge transferred through the surface over some time t. If Q and t are measured in coulombs and seconds respectively, I is in amperes.

Thus:

I = 0.24 coulombs / 15 msec

I = 0.24 coulombs / 15 * 10^-3 sec

I = 16 amps

The kinetic energy of the girl on the motorbike can be calculated using the formula: KE = 0.5 * mass * velocity^2. Substituting the values, KE = 0.5 * 55 kg * (15 m/s)^2 = 6187.5 joules.

The time it takes for an object to fall from rest and attain a velocity of 147 m/s can be calculated using the kinematic equation: v = at, where v is the final velocity, a is the acceleration (due to gravity, approximately 9.81 m/s^2), and t is the time. Rearranging the equation to solve for time, t = v/a. Substituting the values, t = 147 m/s / 9.81 m/s^2 = approximately 15 seconds.

A lightning bolt is faster than the blink of an eye as it travels at a speed of about 224,000 miles per hour, whereas a blink typically lasts around 100-150 milliseconds.

A. Ghiorso at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced that, while they had been unable to confirm the Dubna group's results, they had identified at least two isotopes of element 104 different from the one identified by the Soviet scientists. They bombarded californium-249 atoms with carbon-12 and carbon-13 ions to creates isotopes with mass numbers 257 (half-life of 4.8 sec), 259 (half-life of 3 sec), and possibly 258 (half-life of 13 msec). Disputing the Soviet claim of discovery, the Americans suggested the name rutherfordium to honor the British physicist Lord Ernest Rutherford. An international committee set up to resolve such disputes decided in 1992 that the Berkeley and Dubna laboratories should share credit for the discovery. The syntheses of at least 10 isotopes of rutherfordium, with half-lives ranging from 0.5 msec (Rf-254) to 65 sec (Rf-261), have been confirmed.

Rutherfordium was first time obtained by Gheorghi Nikolaevici Flerov, Iuri Ţolakovici Ohanessian, Iuri V. Lobanov, V. I. Kuzneţov, V.A. Druin, V.P. Pereligin, K.A. Gavrilov, S.P. Tretiakova, V. M. Plotko in 1966 (Dubna, Russia), bombarding 242Pu with 22Ne.

A long controversy with an American team is mentioned, solved by IUPAC in 1997.

If Polly hears her own echo 4 seconds after shouting, the total round-trip time for the sound wave to travel from Polly to the canyon wall and back is 8 seconds. This means the width of the canyon is approximately 2,720 meters (8 seconds multiplied by the speed of sound, 340 meters per second).

Momentum is defined as mass * velocity, M=m*v.

Momentum: 200kg*m/sec

velocity: 2.5m/sec

mass: (200kg*m/sec) / (2.5m/sec) = 80kg

If remembering equations like these is difficult, then something useful for you would be to understand the concept of dimensional analysis. That is a fancy word for looking at the units of the given quantities. If you know that mass is kilograms, then you can figure out how to manipulate the units m/sec and kg*m/sec in order to come out with a final unit of kg. By dividing kg*m/sec with m/sec you end up getting (kg*m*sec) / (m*sec), leaving just kg left which is the unit you were looking for. Therefore you should divide 200 by 2.5 for a final answer of 80kg.

The final speed can be calculated using the equation: final speed = initial speed + (acceleration * time). Plugging in the values, we get: final speed = 10 m/s + (1.5 m/s^2 * 3 s) = 10 m/s + 4.5 m/s = 14.5 m/s. Therefore, the final speed of the bicyclist is 14.5 m/s.

Pure Aloha allows stations to transmit data at any time, leading to higher chances of collisions. Slotted Aloha divides time into fixed slots and stations must wait until the beginning of the next slot to transmit, reducing the chance of collisions. Slotted Aloha is more efficient than Pure Aloha in terms of data transmission.

Cardiac muscle doesn't go into tetanic contraction due to the effect of calcium ions which are slowly released into the cell during an action potential, prolonging the action potential. As a result, the graph for electrical activity in cardiac cells has a 'plateau' area because of the release of calcium and the decreased membrane permeability to potassium. By the time the action potential is over, the refractory period (channel inactivation period) for the ions are over, and the cardiac cell is relaxed and ready to be excited again. skeletal action potential = 5-10 msec. cardiac action potential = 250 msec.

CFL bulbs contain a small amount of mercury which can cause a momentary arc when the switch is turned on or off, leading to sparking. This is usually safe and happens because the bulb's ballast requires a large surge of power when first energized. However, if the sparking is excessive or accompanied by smoke or a burning smell, it may indicate a faulty electrical connection that needs to be addressed.

Snorting any Seroquel is too much. The drug is not intended to be snorted and using it in that way could lead to unwanted side effects. If you're wondering how much is too much then you probably realize you should reconsider all together.

Neurons conduct impulses through electrical and chemical signals. When a neuron is activated, an electrical signal called an action potential travels down the length of the cell's axon. At the end of the axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse to signal the next neuron in the pathway.

The world of computer networking is filled with acronyms and these four happen to be in order. Can you guess how?

OK, that's pretty easy. It's by distance from near to far. The only one of these that hasn't been around for ages is PAN or Personal Area Network. PANs include Bluetooth, USB, UWB (Ultra Wide Band) and FireWire. A personal area network is intended for your personal use to interconnect electronic devices you are using. Bluetooth is emerging as the king of wireless personal area networks. If your cell phone and laptop computer both have Bluetooth enabled, you can get Internet access for your computer via Bluetooth from your cell phone that is connected to an EV-DO or GPRS data network.

Most everybody has a LAN or Local Area Network now. There once were many protocols for connecting computers, printers, and telecommunications networks within the corporate environment. Eventually everyone migrated to Ethernet with TCP/IP. That has gelled to the point where every new technology had better have IP connectivity, at least at the edges. The standardization around the Internet Protocol and Ethernet has promoted an economy of scale to the point where you can buy a 10/100 Mbps Network Interface Card at Wal-Mart for under ten bucks.

Every PC and many printers now come with Ethernet ports standard. Most portable devices support the Wireless version of Ethernet, Wi-Fi, which is also termed a Local Area Network. A LAN is intended for use within a room, building or area. WiFi's range of around 300 ft. puts it into this category.

Within an office or corporate campus, networking revolves around the LAN or LANs running on CAT5, CAT5e or CAT6 copper wiring with some spans of fiber optic cable and some wireless LANs. When you leave the LAN, you enter the world of MANs and WANs.

MAN is Metropolitan Area Network. It's intended for use within a city. A typical example is a SONET Synchronous Optical Network that is set up as a pair of fiber optic rings within the business district of a city. The reason for a pair is to provide redundancy in case one of the rings fail. The other takes over within 50 msec, perhaps so fast the outage isn't even noticed by many users. You get to the MAN with an access network connection. That may be an OC3 or OC12 fiber optic link or a T1 or T3 service.

Note that SONET is a different protocol than Ethernet. With some fancy bit handling, Ethernet can be formatted to be carried by SONET, T1, T3, or other digital networks. The Ethernet packets can be split up to fit the requirements of the carrier and reassembled at the other end.

Going cross-country you are using a long distance carrier called a WAN or Wide Area Network. A WAN can connect MANs together or simply connect a group of individual locations. The Internet is an enormous WAN. You can get WAN service from a variety of competitive carriers with speeds from T1 at 1.5 Mbps up to OC48 at 2.5 Gbps or even OC192 at nearly 10 Gbps.

Most WANs are TDM or Time Division Multiplexing based because that is the standard adopted by the telephone carriers that first implemented them. Since much data is now packet based using the IP standard, carriers are now offering native IP based networking connections in many areas. That means that your LAN data never changes protocol. It leaves your router as Ethernet, traverses an Ethernet WAN, and hooks to another LAN some distance away. To the IT manager it all looks like one big corporate LAN, even though a common carrier provides the link between sites.

Came to be called the word LASER laser from the first letters of the idea of ​​the work of the laser and in the following sentence:

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Light amplification by means Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Alastgesathi emission of electromagnetic radiation Radiation. It predicted the existence of the laser world Albert Einstein in 1917, where he laid the theoretical foundation for the process of emission Alastgesathi stimulated emission were designing the first laser in 1960 by world Maman TH Maiman using a sapphire crystal and sapphire laser known as Ruby laser.

Laser light differs from ordinary light where it has the following characteristics:

Light emitted monochromatic monochromatic ie, it has one wavelength. Determines the wavelength of light output and color as well as capacity.

Light emitted from the laser is synchronized to any coherent photons all at the same stage, making the light intensity is not significant erosion of optical photons to each other due to different phase between them.

Emitted light has a one-way directional where the laser beam is a package of photons in a straight path, while regular light is scattered and spread throughout the void.

Responsible for these properties is the process of emission Alastgesathi stimulated emission, while in ordinary light emission is an automatic out where each photon randomly Balfoton nothing to do with the other.

If Vallizrabarh for light and not the type of radiation, as many believe.

Classification of laser used

Comes in different types of lasers depending on the uses and diversity of the laser comes from the diversity of the material used for the production there of a solid, liquid and gas, and is the type of foundation most frequently used to distinguish between different species. Is called a laser through the type of material used for example, helium neon laser He-Ne means that the material used is a mixture of helium and neon and sapphire laser means that the material produced for the ruby ​​laser, and so is the rest of the other species. Let us take some examples of different types of lasers:

Solid-state laser solid-state laser is a laser that produced by a substance or mixture of solid materials such as sapphire ruby ​​or a mixture of aluminum and Alitrim Alneodenem and neodymium: yttrium-aluminum laser and is called the TAG for short and the long wavelength in the infrared.

Laser Gas Gas laser is based on material gas such as helium, neon and carbon dioxide and size from the wave in the infrared and are used to cut solid materials for high capacity.

Alxsamr laser Excimer laser and fired on the types of lasers that use inert gases such as chlorine or fluorine, krypton or argon gas and produces a laser beam with wavelengths in the UV.

Laser Dye laser dye which is a complex organic materials such as Alrodamen rhodamine 6G dissolved in alcohol solution and produce a laser can be controlled at a wavelength of about.

Semiconductor Laser Semiconductor laser, and sometimes called the laser diode and depends on the semiconductor materials and the advantage of the size of the laser is small and consumes little power, therefore, used in precision equipment such as hardware CD and laser printers.

Characterized by laser starring waveform example, the wavelength of the laser Sapphire is 694nm, and is selection of a laser at the wavelength required as in the table illustration below, for example, uses a laser gas carbon dioxide in the metal cutting hard because the long wavelength in the infrared is thermal, radiation, if focus fell on the surface of metal Tvebh.

Has opened a multi-use laser ample room to eliminate a lot of medical problems and surgery, which was the major concern of patients and doctors as well as many of those problems were time-consuming in the treatment or they do not treat her.Vastkhaddamat laser may be considered in the beauty of the modern uses but the fields have varied very much.

There are 6 types of medical lasers currently used in clinics, dermatologists and plastic surgeons, all of proven effectiveness. For the following purposes.

1 - Azralawaahaldmoah Vascular Laser

There are several types of wavelengths used in this area is perhaps the most famous 585, 595m. This type of laser is directed to the hemoglobin inside red blood cells, and has many uses of the most important is the treatment of red birthmarks Haemangioma & Portwin Stain, as well as expansion in the capillaries Telangiectasia, has recently proved its effectiveness in the treatment of warts and rosacea.

2 - Azraltsbgat PigmentedLaser

There are also several lengths of waves are used depending on the condition, such as:

Nd YAG double frequency 532nm

Ruby 694nm

Alex 755nm

Nd YAG 1064nm

The longer the wave the greater the depth of the laser say absorbed by the pigment cells, and uses this device in the dark birthmarks BakerU "s Nevus, Nevus of Ota, as well as in the treatment of freckles and grains uncle and tattoo removal.

3 - Laser Resurfacing Peel

There are only two machines are:

Erbium 2940 nm

Co2 10.600 nm

These devices simply remove the outer layer of the skin and can control the extent of the required depth, as well as an increase or decrease the laser power.

Can be treated with removal of skin tumors, surgery is sometimes preferable to the laser in such cases. They can also be full face peel to remove superficial wrinkles.

This is the most dangerous lasers in terms of use, because it may cause complications such as bacterial or viral infections or skin scarring, if not used properly.

4 - Laser Alokzaimr

Wavelength 803 m, a modern lasers and proven in the treatment of vitiligo, psoriasis and other skin diseases.

And no doubt the usefulness of this device is to shorten the duration of treatment.

5 - laser peels without removing the outer layer of the skin Nonablative Resurfacing

This is the latest devices that are used to remove wrinkles on the face surface, and there are more than ten kinds of wavelengths most famous m1450, 1540nm.

The idea is that these devices are heated lower layer of the skin, specifically collagen and then Fibroblast stimulate fibroblasts to produce new collagen Collagen Remadolling be more dynamic and result in skin tightening. Often note very little change before and after laser sessions, not recommended to use these devices to the skin brown because it may cause a brown discoloration.

6 - Laser Hair Removal

Constitutes more than 80% of the applications of laser

Information on laser hair removal

Laser light focused radiation to penetrate the skin and hair follicles where these bulbs absorbing.

The laser decrease the density of the hair after several sessions at intervals spaced The effectiveness of this method on the density of hair in the area to be treated and on the degree of hair growth, the more the hair is thicker the better the results, so treatment is more effective when people with black hair or dark brown because it contains a higher proportion of melanin, which absorbs light by more

Types of laser hair removal:

1 - Ruby and Ruby wavelength 690

One of the oldest and most effective devices, especially for white skin and black hair but it is not suitable for brown skin because it may cause Tbakat brunette.

2 - Alex and Alalex wavelength 755

It is the longest wave of Ruby and effectiveness of his approach, which is less painful than Ruby, more commensurate with the skin brown, but there are likely to occur in some of the effects if the user is experienced.

3 - Diode and LED wavelength 800

One of the modern devices which also effective approach for your Alalex, believed to be theoretically less impact than others, but practical experience showed that their results are close.

4 - Nd YAG wavelength and 1064

There are two types of this device, one short Ndth 3 msec and the other long Ndth 10 msec or more, and both are very important and does not cause negative effects, but a long-pulse, is the more effective it may be more painful. In fact, all lasers are effective and safe, if used the right way, so the experience is determined by the proportion of negative effects.

We see the negative effects of the best hardware and the reason is not in the device, but from the user, and vice versa.

Therefore, care must be taken to choose the doctor and the center of a long experience in this field to less incidence of adverse effects

Of the modern uses of lasers, especially laser ruby ​​Ruby laser or laser Alexandrite Alexandrite laser is to remove excess hair unwanted and is the laser is the only way which destroys the hair follicle without causing any skin problems and without pain or surgical intervention or hormone, where he works Laser by pulses of red lead to the rapid destruction of excessive hair follicles. You do not need a meeting of the ruby ​​laser for more than ten minutes to remove facial hair As for the rest of the body Vtakhadd and a relatively longer time. And eliminate the laser on each hair follicle, which in the process of full development does not affect the follicles, which in other stages of growth, so you need the patient to 3-6 sessions are not the elimination of 85-90% of hair follicles and therefore did not appear again.

But each type of skin used a device may be the best, but for black skin is better not to use a Ruby Ruby because it is a strong black skin and may cause discoloration. It may be relatively better devices is a wave of class Alalexandraat Alexandrite Although the class as well as diode Diode Ayej Ndyag both proved its effectiveness and its safety for the skin brown. For each category there are many companies producing these devices best determines the quality of the device is a doctor.

Laser light focused radiation to penetrate the skin and hair follicles where these bulbs absorbing.

Turn the laser energy into heat weakens the hair follicle without causing any internal complications, and the skin is protected during treatment by the process of cooling and the effective pumping soothing to the skin rushes the same speed of light.

This dampening works to cool and soften the upper layers of the skin of a believer for people more comfortable, helping to protect the skin during treatment and at the same time helps to deliver greater amounts of light reach to the ends of the follicle to destroy it.

The laser decrease the density of the hair after several sessions at intervals spaced The effectiveness of this method on the density of hair in the area to be treated and on the degree of hair growth, the more the hair is thicker the better the results, therefore, treatment is more effective when people with black hair or dark brown because it contains a higher proportion of melanin, which absorbs light by more.

The owners of blond hair, they need more sessions to reach the desired result taking into account the fact that white hair Shayeb not affected by the laser due to lack of the presence of pigment in it.

If you use the laser in some places, such as the neck and the hair and ground, the hair does not grow thicker and it grows in length, and that observed when a certain class of women and believed that the reason is the type of laser or method of use, and usually are advised not to remove hair on the neck if he was wild.

Laser is also the most important and the best means of sanding the skin and therefore used to remove scars and surgical procedures and treatment of acne scars and wrinkles of the face-lift surface without surgery. As for the wrinkles is not the role of the laser. There are several types of lasers are used to produce multi-sanding the skin, most famous of these types of laser carbon Co2 laser and laser Erbium Erb-YAG laser which lead to the removal of layers of the skin at the discretion of the doctor and according to each case. Occurs after the complete healing during the 7-10 days following which the skin color tilted to the red and the redness of the skin vary depending on the type of laser used, as well as skin type. With the laser carbon be a short period of redness of the skin about two weeks after the start of the skin in tanning to the point a little extra on the degree of normal skin and different degrees and time on the darkening of the skin by skin color, the original People with darker skin are vulnerable to changes in the color-white. As for the Erbium laser does not have a darkening of the skin and continue to red. These changes will continue for 2-3 months and then expires after that due to skin color Tabaayo cleanse the amazing results of the laser.

Has recently been developing a new type of laser composite of carbon species with laser Erbium laser and leads to reduce the time and the percentage of redness and darkening of the skin, but due to the cost of a computer hyperbole not yet used widely.

Can be

Laser hair removal anywhere in the body such as armpits, hands and legs and other places of the body, and there are places where the best treatment of the face. There is no caveats of using laser device anywhere in the body.

Hair does not disappear from one session of laser, but requires several sessions and noted the patient that there are 3 benefits of lasers is that the hair is thick, less thick and become wild and black hair less than its color and becomes Amishqr need hair to 2-3 months to grow again

Of applications developed for the laser in the fields of cosmetics is also beauty and tighten eyelids and is used where the laser carbon or laser Alneodinyum Nd-YAG and working laser in these cases to reduce the rate of blood loss as well as bruises that appear under the eye as a result of the operation in the traditional way, which leads to speed healing and the patient can exercise ordinary life a few days.

Also uses a laser alternative to surgical scalpel which leads to reduce blood loss by more than 50-60%. And uses a laser as an alternative to surgical sutures, both of the skin or nerves or blood vessels, leading to faster healing of wounds.

The laser of the most important means of removing skin blemishes and birthmarks brown color, such as nevus Unna and freckles and sunspots as it would destroy the colored cells without pain and thus without any anesthesia, both kidneys or the topical and sessions ranging from 6-10 on average, and time from between session and the other from month to two months.

As for birthmarks or congenital blood associated with varicose veins is used another type of laser works on the blood vessels without any effect on other surrounding tissue, which facilitates the elimination of such vessels stretched thus eliminating the birthmark vessels.

Types of laser target hemoglobin associated with the seed of oxygen and thus when the impact on hemoglobin produces high temperatures lead to cracking the blood vessel capillary containing this hemoglobin and thus the interruption of blood flow and the advantage of this property, for example in the treatment of nevus pigment russet Port wine stain, or expansion of capillaries .

Laser treatment of tattoos

Tattoos can be defined simply as a presence of particles of a substance into the skin be of a certain color and placed a certain way to give a certain scene, as the patient wants.

And can get rid of tattoos using laser, as there are types of lasers can treat tattoos, but not qualitatively, such as CO2 laser, which can remove tattoos by removing layers of skin containing the tattoo, and then it leaves a scar so.

Can also remove tattoos by property selectivity where each laser is directed to a specific purpose, and through the use of lasers oriented pigmentation with a pulse is very short, such as lasers, called Q-switched, such as laser Ruby, Alalexandraat and the ND: YAG, where the laser beam hash particles of tattoo making it easier to swallow by the white blood cells.

And adopt the final outcome of the treatment on the type of tattoo, color, and depth, and number of meetings, and should not be thought that the patient that the tattoo will disappear completely, as the tattoo updated by amateurs is easier to remove from that induced by professionals, may also leave the laser after the termination of the meetings a little lack of pigmentation in the place of the tattoo.

What are the complications of the use of a laser hair removal?

- With modern technology and the presence of cooling devices associated with the laser device, the complications, but I said a lot of the most important of these complications is the formation of brown discoloration is usually progressive and disappear after weeks or months and sometimes longer. And rarely a lack of pigmentation occurs white areas of the laser and this is usually of the skin sunny Tanned Skin so always recommend not to the work session of the laser if the patient has nailed his skin by the sun.

Lasers are of a long wave and non-ionized and does not have a property to convert normal cells cancerous in theory and even from the scientific point of the laser apparatus is known since 1960 AD, yet there is no single case to prove that the laser was a cause of cancer cells.

Lasers are ionized radiation is non-ionizing radiation, and this simply does not cause any imbalance in the bar DNA and therefore does not cause any abnormal growth of cancer cells do not cause cancer, skin or mucous membranes as it passes by the laser during treatment

Laser hair removal usually does not exceed the surface layer of skin penetration and it can never reach the uterus. If hair is removed from the belly of a pregnant woman, it is allowed and does not constitute any danger to the pregnant woman and often use it to pregnant women do not have any negative effect, thank God. This type of radiation is safe and has no negative effects on women and her fetus.

Usually, the pain of the laser potential, and can get rid of this pain, put the request on the place of anesthetic cream before laser hair removal, half an hour

What are the precautions that should work out when to use a laser?

- The most important organ of the body must be preserved is the eyes, must be coverage during a session of laser treatment. Each laser has different glasses depending on the wavelength of the laser.

What are the measures taken by the patient after the laser?

1. There may be a mild degree of redness after laser treatment.

2. Usually put cold compresses for 5 10 minutes to relieve pain and irritation.

3. Can be put cortisone cream after cold compresses for 2 days only.

4. Allowed to shower after the laser, but it should be nice and without a scratch.

5. Cosmetics can be used the next day for a laser.

6. After about 5 15 day of hair removal laser hair will appear dark on the surface of the skin and this is the hair that has been processed and not the growth of new hair can be removed without any significant resistance wipe it with water and towel for example.

7. Do not forget to apply sunscreen frequently and for a period of several months

Came to be called the word LASER laser from the first letters of the idea of ​​the work of the laser and in the following sentence:

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Light amplification by means Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Alastgesathi emission of electromagnetic radiation Radiation. It predicted the existence of the laser world Albert Einstein in 1917, where he laid the theoretical foundation for the process of emission Alastgesathi stimulated emission were designing the first laser in 1960 by world Maman TH Maiman using a sapphire crystal and sapphire laser known as Ruby laser.

Laser light differs from ordinary light where it has the following characteristics:

Light emitted monochromatic monochromatic ie, it has one wavelength. Determines the wavelength of light output and color as well as capacity.

Light emitted from the laser is synchronized to any coherent photons all at the same stage, making the light intensity is not significant erosion of optical photons to each other due to different phase between them.

Emitted light has a one-way directional where the laser beam is a package of photons in a straight path, while regular light is scattered and spread throughout the void.

Responsible for these properties is the process of emission Alastgesathi stimulated emission, while in ordinary light emission is an automatic out where each photon randomly Balfoton nothing to do with the other.

If Vallizrabarh for light and not the type of radiation, as many believe.

Classification of laser used

Comes in different types of lasers depending on the uses and diversity of the laser comes from the diversity of the material used for the production there of a solid, liquid and gas, and is the type of foundation most frequently used to distinguish between different species. Is called a laser through the type of material used for example, helium neon laser He-Ne means that the material used is a mixture of helium and neon and sapphire laser means that the material produced for the ruby ​​laser, and so is the rest of the other species. Let us take some examples of different types of lasers:

Solid-state laser solid-state laser is a laser that produced by a substance or mixture of solid materials such as sapphire ruby ​​or a mixture of aluminum and Alitrim Alneodenem and neodymium: yttrium-aluminum laser and is called the TAG for short and the long wavelength in the infrared.

Laser Gas Gas laser is based on material gas such as helium, neon and carbon dioxide and size from the wave in the infrared and are used to cut solid materials for high capacity.

Alxsamr laser Excimer laser and fired on the types of lasers that use inert gases such as chlorine or fluorine, krypton or argon gas and produces a laser beam with wavelengths in the UV.

Laser Dye laser dye which is a complex organic materials such as Alrodamen rhodamine 6G dissolved in alcohol solution and produce a laser can be controlled at a wavelength of about.

Semiconductor Laser Semiconductor laser, and sometimes called the laser diode and depends on the semiconductor materials and the advantage of the size of the laser is small and consumes little power, therefore, used in precision equipment such as hardware CD and laser printers.

Characterized by laser starring waveform example, the wavelength of the laser Sapphire is 694nm, and is selection of a laser at the wavelength required as in the table illustration below, for example, uses a laser gas carbon dioxide in the metal cutting hard because the long wavelength in the infrared is thermal, radiation, if focus fell on the surface of metal Tvebh.

Has opened a multi-use laser ample room to eliminate a lot of medical problems and surgery, which was the major concern of patients and doctors as well as many of those problems were time-consuming in the treatment or they do not treat her.Vastkhaddamat laser may be considered in the beauty of the modern uses but the fields have varied very much.

There are 6 types of medical lasers currently used in clinics, dermatologists and plastic surgeons, all of proven effectiveness. For the following purposes.

1 - Azralawaahaldmoah Vascular Laser

There are several types of wavelengths used in this area is perhaps the most famous 585, 595m. This type of laser is directed to the hemoglobin inside red blood cells, and has many uses of the most important is the treatment of red birthmarks Haemangioma & Portwin Stain, as well as expansion in the capillaries Telangiectasia, has recently proved its effectiveness in the treatment of warts and rosacea.

2 - Azraltsbgat PigmentedLaser

There are also several lengths of waves are used depending on the condition, such as:

Nd YAG double frequency 532nm

Ruby 694nm

Alex 755nm

Nd YAG 1064nm

The longer the wave the greater the depth of the laser say absorbed by the pigment cells, and uses this device in the dark birthmarks BakerU "s Nevus, Nevus of Ota, as well as in the treatment of freckles and grains uncle and tattoo removal.

3 - Laser Resurfacing Peel

There are only two machines are:

Erbium 2940 nm

Co2 10.600 nm

These devices simply remove the outer layer of the skin and can control the extent of the required depth, as well as an increase or decrease the laser power.

Can be treated with removal of skin tumors, surgery is sometimes preferable to the laser in such cases. They can also be full face peel to remove superficial wrinkles.

This is the most dangerous lasers in terms of use, because it may cause complications such as bacterial or viral infections or skin scarring, if not used properly.

4 - Laser Alokzaimr

Wavelength 803 m, a modern lasers and proven in the treatment of vitiligo, psoriasis and other skin diseases.

And no doubt the usefulness of this device is to shorten the duration of treatment.

5 - laser peels without removing the outer layer of the skin Nonablative Resurfacing

This is the latest devices that are used to remove wrinkles on the face surface, and there are more than ten kinds of wavelengths most famous m1450, 1540nm.

The idea is that these devices are heated lower layer of the skin, specifically collagen and then Fibroblast stimulate fibroblasts to produce new collagen Collagen Remadolling be more dynamic and result in skin tightening. Often note very little change before and after laser sessions, not recommended to use these devices to the skin brown because it may cause a brown discoloration.

6 - Laser Hair Removal

Constitutes more than 80% of the applications of laser

Information on laser hair removal

Laser light focused radiation to penetrate the skin and hair follicles where these bulbs absorbing.

The laser decrease the density of the hair after several sessions at intervals spaced The effectiveness of this method on the density of hair in the area to be treated and on the degree of hair growth, the more the hair is thicker the better the results, so treatment is more effective when people with black hair or dark brown because it contains a higher proportion of melanin, which absorbs light by more

Types of laser hair removal:

1 - Ruby and Ruby wavelength 690

One of the oldest and most effective devices, especially for white skin and black hair but it is not suitable for brown skin because it may cause Tbakat brunette.

2 - Alex and Alalex wavelength 755

It is the longest wave of Ruby and effectiveness of his approach, which is less painful than Ruby, more commensurate with the skin brown, but there are likely to occur in some of the effects if the user is experienced.

3 - Diode and LED wavelength 800

One of the modern devices which also effective approach for your Alalex, believed to be theoretically less impact than others, but practical experience showed that their results are close.

4 - Nd YAG wavelength and 1064

There are two types of this device, one short Ndth 3 msec and the other long Ndth 10 msec or more, and both are very important and does not cause negative effects, but a long-pulse, is the more effective it may be more painful. In fact, all lasers are effective and safe, if used the right way, so the experience is determined by the proportion of negative effects.

We see the negative effects of the best hardware and the reason is not in the device, but from the user, and vice versa.

Therefore, care must be taken to choose the doctor and the center of a long experience in this field to less incidence of adverse effects

Of the modern uses of lasers, especially laser ruby ​​Ruby laser or laser Alexandrite Alexandrite laser is to remove excess hair unwanted and is the laser is the only way which destroys the hair follicle without causing any skin problems and without pain or surgical intervention or hormone, where he works Laser by pulses of red lead to the rapid destruction of excessive hair follicles. You do not need a meeting of the ruby ​​laser for more than ten minutes to remove facial hair As for the rest of the body Vtakhadd and a relatively longer time. And eliminate the laser on each hair follicle, which in the process of full development does not affect the follicles, which in other stages of growth, so you need the patient to 3-6 sessions are not the elimination of 85-90% of hair follicles and therefore did not appear again.

But each type of skin used a device may be the best, but for black skin is better not to use a Ruby Ruby because it is a strong black skin and may cause discoloration. It may be relatively better devices is a wave of class Alalexandraat Alexandrite Although the class as well as diode Diode Ayej Ndyag both proved its effectiveness and its safety for the skin brown. For each category there are many companies producing these devices best determines the quality of the device is a doctor.

Laser light focused radiation to penetrate the skin and hair follicles where these bulbs absorbing.

Turn the laser energy into heat weakens the hair follicle without causing any internal complications, and the skin is protected during treatment by the process of cooling and the effective pumping soothing to the skin rushes the same speed of light.

This dampening works to cool and soften the upper layers of the skin of a believer for people more comfortable, helping to protect the skin during treatment and at the same time helps to deliver greater amounts of light reach to the ends of the follicle to destroy it.

The laser decrease the density of the hair after several sessions at intervals spaced The effectiveness of this method on the density of hair in the area to be treated and on the degree of hair growth, the more the hair is thicker the better the results, therefore, treatment is more effective when people with black hair or dark brown because it contains a higher proportion of melanin, which absorbs light by more.

The owners of blond hair, they need more sessions to reach the desired result taking into account the fact that white hair Shayeb not affected by the laser due to lack of the presence of pigment in it.

If you use the laser in some places, such as the neck and the hair and ground, the hair does not grow thicker and it grows in length, and that observed when a certain class of women and believed that the reason is the type of laser or method of use, and usually are advised not to remove hair on the neck if he was wild.

Laser is also the most important and the best means of sanding the skin and therefore used to remove scars and surgical procedures and treatment of acne scars and wrinkles of the face-lift surface without surgery. As for the wrinkles is not the role of the laser. There are several types of lasers are used to produce multi-sanding the skin, most famous of these types of laser carbon Co2 laser and laser Erbium Erb-YAG laser which lead to the removal of layers of the skin at the discretion of the doctor and according to each case. Occurs after the complete healing during the 7-10 days following which the skin color tilted to the red and the redness of the skin vary depending on the type of laser used, as well as skin type. With the laser carbon be a short period of redness of the skin about two weeks after the start of the skin in tanning to the point a little extra on the degree of normal skin and different degrees and time on the darkening of the skin by skin color, the original People with darker skin are vulnerable to changes in the color-white. As for the Erbium laser does not have a darkening of the skin and continue to red. These changes will continue for 2-3 months and then expires after that due to skin color Tabaayo cleanse the amazing results of the laser.

Has recently been developing a new type of laser composite of carbon species with laser Erbium laser and leads to reduce the time and the percentage of redness and darkening of the skin, but due to the cost of a computer hyperbole not yet used widely.

Can be

Laser hair removal anywhere in the body such as armpits, hands and legs and other places of the body, and there are places where the best treatment of the face. There is no caveats of using laser device anywhere in the body.

Hair does not disappear from one session of laser, but requires several sessions and noted the patient that there are 3 benefits of lasers is that the hair is thick, less thick and become wild and black hair less than its color and becomes Amishqr need hair to 2-3 months to grow again

Of applications developed for the laser in the fields of cosmetics is also beauty and tighten eyelids and is used where the laser carbon or laser Alneodinyum Nd-YAG and working laser in these cases to reduce the rate of blood loss as well as bruises that appear under the eye as a result of the operation in the traditional way, which leads to speed healing and the patient can exercise ordinary life a few days.

Also uses a laser alternative to surgical scalpel which leads to reduce blood loss by more than 50-60%. And uses a laser as an alternative to surgical sutures, both of the skin or nerves or blood vessels, leading to faster healing of wounds.

The laser of the most important means of removing skin blemishes and birthmarks brown color, such as nevus Unna and freckles and sunspots as it would destroy the colored cells without pain and thus without any anesthesia, both kidneys or the topical and sessions ranging from 6-10 on average, and time from between session and the other from month to two months.

As for birthmarks or congenital blood associated with varicose veins is used another type of laser works on the blood vessels without any effect on other surrounding tissue, which facilitates the elimination of such vessels stretched thus eliminating the birthmark vessels.

Types of laser target hemoglobin associated with the seed of oxygen and thus when the impact on hemoglobin produces high temperatures lead to cracking the blood vessel capillary containing this hemoglobin and thus the interruption of blood flow and the advantage of this property, for example in the treatment of nevus pigment russet Port wine stain, or expansion of capillaries .

Laser treatment of tattoos

Tattoos can be defined simply as a presence of particles of a substance into the skin be of a certain color and placed a certain way to give a certain scene, as the patient wants.

And can get rid of tattoos using laser, as there are types of lasers can treat tattoos, but not qualitatively, such as CO2 laser, which can remove tattoos by removing layers of skin containing the tattoo, and then it leaves a scar so.

Can also remove tattoos by property selectivity where each laser is directed to a specific purpose, and through the use of lasers oriented pigmentation with a pulse is very short, such as lasers, called Q-switched, such as laser Ruby, Alalexandraat and the ND: YAG, where the laser beam hash particles of tattoo making it easier to swallow by the white blood cells.

And adopt the final outcome of the treatment on the type of tattoo, color, and depth, and number of meetings, and should not be thought that the patient that the tattoo will disappear completely, as the tattoo updated by amateurs is easier to remove from that induced by professionals, may also leave the laser after the termination of the meetings a little lack of pigmentation in the place of the tattoo.

What are the complications of the use of a laser hair removal?

- With modern technology and the presence of cooling devices associated with the laser device, the complications, but I said a lot of the most important of these complications is the formation of brown discoloration is usually progressive and disappear after weeks or months and sometimes longer. And rarely a lack of pigmentation occurs white areas of the laser and this is usually of the skin sunny Tanned Skin so always recommend not to the work session of the laser if the patient has nailed his skin by the sun.

Lasers are of a long wave and non-ionized and does not have a property to convert normal cells cancerous in theory and even from the scientific point of the laser apparatus is known since 1960 AD, yet there is no single case to prove that the laser was a cause of cancer cells.

Lasers are ionized radiation is non-ionizing radiation, and this simply does not cause any imbalance in the bar DNA and therefore does not cause any abnormal growth of cancer cells do not cause cancer, skin or mucous membranes as it passes by the laser during treatment

Laser hair removal usually does not exceed the surface layer of skin penetration and it can never reach the uterus. If hair is removed from the belly of a pregnant woman, it is allowed and does not constitute any danger to the pregnant woman and often use it to pregnant women do not have any negative effect, thank God. This type of radiation is safe and has no negative effects on women and her fetus.

Usually, the pain of the laser potential, and can get rid of this pain, put the request on the place of anesthetic cream before laser hair removal, half an hour

What are the precautions that should work out when to use a laser?

- The most important organ of the body must be preserved is the eyes, must be coverage during a session of laser treatment. Each laser has different glasses depending on the wavelength of the laser.

What are the measures taken by the patient after the laser?

1. There may be a mild degree of redness after laser treatment.

2. Usually put cold compresses for 5 10 minutes to relieve pain and irritation.

3. Can be put cortisone cream after cold compresses for 2 days only.

4. Allowed to shower after the laser, but it should be nice and without a scratch.

5. Cosmetics can be used the next day for a laser.

6. After about 5 15 day of hair removal laser hair will appear dark on the surface of the skin and this is the hair that has been processed and not the growth of new hair can be removed without any significant resistance wipe it with water and towel for example.

7. Do not forget to apply sunscreen frequently and for a period of several months