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Tadanao Yamamoto has written:
'Takamatsuzuka, Kitora Kofun no nazo' -- subject(s): Japanese Mural painting and decoration, Buddhist mural painting and decoration, Mounds, Kitora kofun, Tombs, Kitora Tomb (Asuka-mura, Japan), Hekiga, Takamatsuzuka kofun, Takamatsuzuka Tomb (Asuka-mura, Japan), History
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The Kofun Period in Japan, which lasted from around the 3rd century to the 7th century, was characterized by the construction of large burial mounds called kofun. These mounds were built for elite individuals and contained grave goods such as weapons, armor, and pottery. The period also saw the emergence of a centralized royal authority and the introduction of new technologies and cultural influences from neighboring regions, such as China and Korea.
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Takuya Iwasaki has written:
'Kofun no jidai' -- subject(s): Tombs, Antiquities
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Hironobu Ishino has written:
'Kofun jidaishi' -- subject(s): Tombs, Antiquities, History
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Teijiro Mori has written:
'Takehara kofun' -- subject(s): Mounds, Japan, Kitchen-middens
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It was mostly found in Jōmon, Yayoi, Kofun, Asuka, Nara, Chūgū-ji, Miyabi and Azuchi-Momoyama
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There are many famous periods in Japanese History. * Edo Period * Meiji Period * Jomon Period * Yayoi Period * Kofun Period * Nara Period
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Yoshiyuki Habuta has written:
'Yominokuni no seiritsu' -- subject(s): Tombs, Antiquities
'Higashi Nihon no musode yokoanashiki sekishitsu' -- subject(s): Kofun, Tombs, Antiquities
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Junko Hara has: Performed in "Nee kofun shicha iya yo" in 1931. Played Kimura in "Eden no umi" in 1950. Performed in "Chi wa kawaiteru" in 1960. Performed in "Akibiyori" in 1960. Performed in "Koto" in 1963.
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Nao Saejima has: Performed in "Saejima Nao: Kankin" in 1988. Played Nao Saeki in "Saejima Nao: Akume kinenbi" in 1988. Played Nao in "Saejima Nao: Ijo kofun" in 1989. Performed in "Hiwai jikenbo: Shita zawari no onna" in 1995. Performed in "Paizuri jukujo: Urazeme" in 1995. Performed in "Yume de aimasho: wonderland" in 1996. Performed in "Angel 2: Dominatrix of Mystery" in 1996. Performed in "Wa.Re.Me." in 2006.
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The cast of Katana no naka no chichi - 1931 includes: Masao Hori as Hachiro Kiyokawa Toshiko Iizuka as Oaki, granddaughter Haruo Inoue as Kisuke, Father Ryoma Kusakabe as Yuisaburo Sasaki Misao Seki as Heiemon, innkeeper Tetsu Tsuboi as Gengo, Grandfather Yoshindo Yamaji as Kotaro
7 answers
Teruko Wakamizu has: Played Haruko in "Bijin aishu" in 1931. Performed in "Ginga" in 1931. Performed in "Nee kofun shicha iya yo" in 1931. Performed in "Watashi no papa-san mama ga suki" in 1931. Performed in "Sanson no hikari" in 1931. Played Shinako, daughter of Yamaman in "Nanatsu no umi: Zempen Shojo-hen" in 1931. Performed in "Hatsukoi to yotamono" in 1932. Performed in "Nokosareta Okiku-chan" in 1932. Performed in "Yotamono to endan" in 1932. Played Akiko, daughter of Yamaman in "Nanatsu no umi: Kohen Teiso-hen" in 1932. Performed in "Kimi to wakarete" in 1933. Played Fumie Terakawa in "Yotamono to geisha" in 1933. Played Kikuya, geisha in "Yume no komoriuta" in 1935.
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The Japanese language originated in Japan around 400 CE, but it was a combination of several things from outside sources. The ancient Emishi (Jomon) people, who were thought to have spoken an Austric language, made a contribution; the Ainu were Uralics who joined the Emishi.
The Kumaso and the Hayato of ancient Kyushu were a combination of Emishi and Polynesians (from Guam and Luzon, but the Hayato were from the Ryukyus), and gave Japanese its Polynesian look.
From Shandong and Jiangsu, the Altaic Jiuli people (Dongyi) moved to Kyushu and started the Japanese Imperial House (Himiko said she was descended from Duke Tai of Zhou). Some of the people of the Korean kingdoms of Gaya and Paekche (the Kofun culture) invaded Japan.
Some say Japanese is closest to the extinct Altaic language of Buyeo, which was spoken in northern Korea. All in all, Japanese can be described as a mixture of Old Korean, Polynesian, and Austric Emishi.
The Japanese did.
No one 'invents' languages--not ones that an entire country uses, at least. No one can say exactly when the spoken language of Japanese first came to be, of course, but the earliest written Japanese text is dated at about the early 8th century.
In Japan of course. But Chinese widely influences it from hundreds of years ago. And now English plays a big part in the vocabulary. But (arguably) it started (originated) from Japan.
Nobody made the Japanese language. It evolved naturally from earlier ancestral languages.
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The shaman Queen Himiko is recorded in various ancient histories, dating back to 3rd century CE China, 8th century Japan, and 12th century Korea.
For more information, please start your search by checking the Related Links below.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiko
http://www.discoverychannelasia.com/japan/famous_figures/queen_himiko/index.shtml
She was NOT the Emperess Jingu, as many believe, but lived something like 90 years earlier. She was the daughter of Emperor Sujin, who led the Kofun Horse-riders from Baekche in 185 AD to rule Japan. Her real name was Ikahime. Sujin (Sungcheon) had a royal Japanese mother (Totohime, sister of Kaika), even though his father was Gaeru of Baekche; he was a very devout adherent of Shinto. He made his daughter the High Priestess of Shinto and gave her authority over her brother, Emperor Suinin. It was she who received the Wei Chinese ambassadors in 240 AD. She told them her Imperial House was descended from Duke Tai of Zhou. She died in 248 AD and was buried in a magnificent tomb, which has recently been discovered. Her nephew Keiko did not like the theocratic arrangement, and made sure that his High Priestess sister, Yamatohime, served under his secular authority. When he did this, Izumo and Kumaso promptly revolted and left the Empire. They were subjugated again by Prince Takeru, Keiko's son, who brought his father the fabled sword of Orochi from Izumo. Iyo was Keiko's great grand-daughter, who married Ojin (Ungjin) of Gaya in 339 AD.
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Archaeological research indicates that the earliest inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago migrated over land bridges from Asia about 35,000 years ago; they were Australoids. Negritos may also have been there at that time.
The first pottery in the world was made by the Jomon culture, who came to Japan around 15,000 BC; they had a Mesolithic and Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer lifestyle of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture. In historic times they were known as the Emishi. They were followed by the Proto-Korean Jins in 1000 BC, the Caucasoid Ainus from the north Urals in 700 BC, Proto-Polynesians from Luzon and the Marianas in 500 BC (who formed the Kumaso, Hayato, and other tribes), a huge Altaic/Austric Wa migration from Jiangsu in 350 BC which brought rice paddy agriculture and the ruling dynasty (most famously Queen Himiko), and a final large Korean-related Buyeo migration (Kofun) from south Manchuria through Baekche to Japan in 270 AD; this was led by Ungjin (Ojin), who took over the dynasty. It was this last that formed Japan into the country that we know today. So the answer is around 35,000 years old.
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OK I saw this wasn't answered when I got here and I just so happen to have the answer(s).
Kofun Period (250-540)
Heian Period (795-1185)
Kamakura Period (1185-1333)
Edo Period (1603 - 1868)
Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)
There might be more or these might not be the right answers. They were just what I had. Hope this helps. SOS student!
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"Japan was said to around 400 A.D when the Yamato clan finally over-powered the rest of the clans wanting power. And, the first westerners to find the country was a Portuguese sailer who accidently laned in their port."
The above is not an answer. The answer is often confused because common references contain popular 'myth' instead of historic hypothesis. Encyclopaedias tell us that Japan was apparently founded in 660B.C. by Emperor Jimmu. However, this date is not agreed upon by modern historians and is not supported by evidence in archaeology or the histories of Korea or China, let alone Japan itself.
Modern historian Kume Kunitake estimates that Japan's actual founding date was about six hundred years after 660B.C., in 25B.C. His hypothesis is based on facts rather than myth.
If you have access to a public library, look into Japanese Historians and The National Myths, 1960-1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jinmu, John S. Brownlee UBC Press 1997 for further information.
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Dana Ishiura has: Played Nurse in "Universal Soldier III: Unfinished Business" in 1999. Played Admitting Nurse in "Lethal Vows" in 1999. Played Quong Duc in "Good Fences" in 2003. Played Ehr Neung in "Home Beyond the Sun" in 2004. Played Lapland Woman in "The Snow Queen" in 2005.
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answer:
Periods of Japanese history are classified by shoguns: * Shogunate: (names and dates refer to families) * Minamoto family and their successors with their capitol at Kamakura (1192-13233) * Ashikaga with their capital at Kyoto (1338-1597) * Tokugawa (aka Edo) with their capital at Yedo, later Tokyo) (1603-1867. * Modern era * Meiji restoration: beginning of modern Japan (1867-1912) Japanese history is also defined by historical periods:Early Historical Period * Asuka/Nara Period 550 BE - 794 AD * Heian Period 794 - 1185 Medieval Period * Kamakura Period 1185 - 1333 * Moromachi Period 1333 - 15658 Early Modern Period * Momoyama Period 1568 - 1600 * Edo (Tokugawa) 1600 - 1868 early-Edo * Kan'ei 1624-44 * Meiriki 1655-58 * Manji 1658-61 * Kanbun 1661-73 * Enpo 1673-81 * Tenna 1681-84 * Jokyo 1684-88 Mid-Edo * Genroku 1688-1704 * Shotoku 1711-1715 * Kyoho 1716-1736 * Horeki 1751-1764 * Meiwa 1764-1772 * An'ei 1772-1781 * Tenmei 1781-1789 Late-Edo * Kansei 1789-1801 * Bunka 1804-1818 * Tenpo 1830-1844 Modern Period: * Meiji Restoration 1868-1912
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elow ako c Jasmine
Pangkat etniko sa LuzonAetaMatatagpuan ang pangkat ng mga aeta sa halos lahat ng dako ng kapuluan. May iba't iba silang pangalan sa iba't ibang lugar. Higit silang marami sa Luzon. Aeta o Ayta ang tawag sa kanila sa hilagang Luzon. Ibuked naman ang tawag sa mga aetang nakatira nang malayo sa mga kapatagan. Sa Kofun, Diango, Paranan at Assao sa Cagayan, Ugsig at Aita ang tawag sa kanila. Sa Palawan, Batak ang tawag sa kanila. Sa Silangang Quezon, Rizal at Bulacan, Dumagat ang tawag sa mga Aeta.
Nawala na ang orihinal na wika ng mga Aeta dahil inangkin na nila ang wika ng mga tagakapatagan na kanilang nakakasalamuha. Hindi pa rin naalis sa kanila ang kultura ng pangangaso at paghanap ng mga pagkain mula sa mga halaman sa kapaligiran. Bihasa rin ang mga babae at batang Aeta sa tradisyunal na paraan ng pangingisda gamit ang sima, bitag, lambat at sibat.
Pulut-pukyutan ang espesyal na pagkain para sa mga Pinatubo Aeta at Ibuked Ayta. Kumakain din ang mga Pinatubo Aeta ng umok o maliliit na pukyutan at ng latak na nakukuha sa bahay ng pukyutan.
Pamilya ang pangunahing yunit ng lipunang Aeta. Gayunpaman, tinutulungan din ng pamilya ang kapamilyang namatayan ng asawa. May pantay na karapatan ang kanilang mga anak at mahigpit ang pagkakaugnay ng magulang at anak. Isa lamang ang asawa ng bawat Aeta. Bawal sa kanila ang pag-aasawa sa malapit na kamag-anak. Ngunit pinapayagan ang ilan na magpakasal sa pinsang buo matapos ganapin ang ritwal na "paghihiwalay ng dugo."
Nakabatay sa paggalang sa matanda ang sistemang pulitika ng mga Aeta. Ang mga iginagalang na pangkat ng matatanda ang nagpapanatili ng katahimikan at kapayapaan sa pamayanan. Ang kinikilalang batas ay yaong nabuo mula sa tradisyon.
Naniniwala ang mga Aeta na may mga ispiritu ang lahat ng mga nasa kapaligiran tulad ng ilog, dagat, bundok at iba pa. Ito ang dahilan kung bakit kanilang iginagalang ang kalikasan. Hindi sila pumuputol ng puno kung Hindi rin lamang kailangang-kailangan. Naniniwala silang iniinsulto ang ispiritu ng kalikasan kapag inaaksaya ito.
TinguianMatatagpuan ang mga Tinguian sa Abra. Nagtatanim sila ng palay sa mga kapatagan at sa mga bai-baitang na palayan. Mahilig sila sa musika, damit at personal na palmuti. Naglalagay sila ng tatu at iniitiman ang ngipin upang akitin ang napupusuan.
Naniniwala ang mga Tinguian sa pagkakaroon ng isang asawa lamang. Itinuturing nilang krimen ang pagtataksil sa asawa at pinapatawan ng malaking multa ang sinumang muling nagtataksil. Walang multa kung kusa ang paghihiwalay ng mag-asawa.
TagbanuaNaninirahan ang mga Tagbanwa sa baybaying dagat sa gitnang Palawan. Nabubuhay sila sa pamamagitan ng pangingisda, paghahalaman at pangangaso.
Mayroon na ring pampulikang balangkas ang mga Tagbanwa. Masakampu ang kanilang tawag sa pinuno ng pangkat. Blusang mahahaba ang manggas at makukulay na paldang patadyong ang kasuotan ng mga babae samantalang nagsusuot lamang ng bahag ang mga lalaki. May bahid ng Malayo-Polinesiya at Indyan ang mga Tagbanwa.
MangyanNaninirahan sa mga liblib na pook ng Mindoro ang mga Mangyan. Mahiyain silang tribo. Kayumanggi ang kanilang kulay, itim ang buhok, may maamong mata at katamtaman ang tangkad.
May iba't ibang tribu ng Mangyan. Tinatawag na Hanunuo ang isang grupo ng Mangyan na ang ibig sabihin, sila ang tunay na Mangyan. Kumukuha sila ng ikinabubuhay sa mga kagubatan, pangisdaan at kalakalan sa Mindoro.
Sa kasalukuyan, sinauna pang alpabeto ang gamit sa pagsulat ng mga pagpapantig. Ang ambahan ang kanilang natatanging panitikan na kanilang napanatili sa pamamagitan ng pag-ukit nito sa mga kutsilyo, mga kagamitan at sa mga lukas o lalagyan ng nganga.
Ang mga Alangan o Mangyan sa hilaga ang purong Mangyan. Mayroon silang tipong Negrito. Sa mga kasukalan ng Mindoro sila nananahanan at kamote ang kanilang pangunahing pagkain.
IfugaoSa gitnang bahagi ng hilagang Luzon ang tirahan ng mga Ifugao. Galing sa salitang ipugo na ang ibig sabihin ay "mula sa mga burol" ang salitang Ifugao.
Ang tipikal na pamayanan ng mga Ifugao ay ang tumpok ng mga kwadradong kubo na natutukuran ng poste. Tulad ng ibang lipunan, mayroon ding mga ari-arian ang mga Ifugao. Ang mga mayaman at mga may titulo ang nag-aari ng maraming hinagdang palayan. Tuwing may pagdiriwang ang mayayaman tulad ng kasal o libing, masagana ang handaan.
May kanya-kanyang gawaing ginagampanan ang bawat Ifugao. Iniuukol nila ang kanilang maghapon sa paggawa. Katulad ng ibang pangkat, mayroon ding diborsyo sa mga Ifugao. Naniniwala sila sa pagkakaroon ng iisang asawa.
KalingaMatatagpuan ang mga Kalinga sa pinakahilagang bahagi ng Luzon. Mahilig sila sa makukulay na pananamit at pampaganda. Napakahalaga sa kanila ng mga pampalamuting alahas sa buong katawan. Ang ibinibigay na dote para sa ikakasal ay tinatawag na ballong o kalon. Maaaring magkaroon ng higit sa isang asawa ang isang Kalinga.
Bilang mga mandirigma at mamumugot, ginagawa ng mga Kalinga ang budong, isang kasunduang pangkapayapaan, upang maiwasan nila ang pakikidigma sa isa't isa.
ItawesMatatagpuan ang mga Itawes sa timog-kanlurang bahagi ng Cagayan. Ang Itawes ay nagmula sa mga salitang I at tawid na nangangahulugang "mga tao sa kabila ng ilog". Kilala rin sila sa tawag na Itawit, Tawish, Itawi at Itaves. Karaniwang naninirahan ang mga Itawes sa isang pamayanan kasama ang mga Ibanag kaya Ibanag din ang ginagamit nilang wika.
Pangunahing ikinabubuhay ng mga Itawes ang pag-aalaga ng hayop, pangangaso, pangingisda, paggawa ng alak, bulak paghahabi at pagsasaka.
GaddangTinatawag ding Gadam, Gaddanes o Iraya ang mga pangkat-etnikong ito na matatagpuan sa Nueva Vizcaya at Isabela. Tahimik at matulungin ang mga Gaddang bagaman handa silang makipaglaban kung kinakailangan.
Pagsasaka ang pangunahing ikinabubuhay ng mga Gaddang. Gabi, palay, sili, bawang, tubo at iba pang gulay ang kanilang itinatanim. Pangalawang pinagkukunan ng kanilang ikinabubuhay ang pangingisda, pangangaso at pagtitinda.
Kankana-eyAng mga Kankana-ey ang pangatlo sa pinakamalaking pangkat sa bulubunduking lalawigan ng hilagang Luzon. May dalawang pangkat ang Kankana-ey sa Mankayan, Bakun, Kubungan, Buguias at sa mataas na bahagi ng Benguet. Halos walang ipinagkaiba ang dalawang pangkat na ito ng Kankana-ey. Kapwa sila kayumanggi, kadalasang may mga tatu, may malalaking mata at mauumbok na pisngi.
Mga magsasaka ang mga Kankana-ey. Nagsasaka sila sa pamamagitan ng kaingin sa gilid ng mga bundok. Pangunahing pinagkukunan ng kanilang kabuhayan ang pangangaso at pangingisda. Hinuhuli nila ang usa at baboy damo sa pamamagitan ng aso at lambat.
Walang pormal na pamunuang pulitikal ang lipunang Kankana-ey. Ang kadangyan o baknang na tradisyunal na aristokrasya ang may malaking impluwensya sa lipunan. Naniniwala sila sa pagkakaroon ng iisang asawa. Ang pamilya ang pangunahing yunit ng lipunan. Ang ama ang puno rito. Siya ang inaasahang magbibigay ng lahat ng kabuhayan ng pamilya.
IlongotNangangahulugan na "mula sa gubat" ang pangalang Ilongot, ang pangkat na matatagpuan sa kagubatan ng Isabela at Nueva Vizcaya. Kung minsan, tinatawag din silang Ilongotes o Ibilao. Mahilig silang gumamit ng pana na kanilang natutuhan sa mga Negrito. Nagsasaka ng palay, tabako, saging, kamote at gulay ang mga Ilongot. Nanghuhuli rin sila ng baboy-ramo, usa at ibon sa gubat. Kanilang ipinagpapalit ng tela, kutsilyo at asin ang mga produktong ito sa mga nasa kapatagan.
Sumasamba sa maraming diyos ang mga Ilongot. Bukod dito, sinasamba rin nila ang araw, kaluluwa ng mga namatay at iba pang kaluluwa sa kalikasan.
IbaloyAng mga Ibaloy ay matatagpuan sa mga munisipalidad ng Kabayan, Bokod, Sablan, Tublay, La Trinidad, Itogon, Benguet at Tuba sa timog-silangan ng Benguet. Kasama sa wika ng mga Ibaloy ang ilang salitang Ilokano at Pangasinense.
Ang mga Ibaloy ay kayumanggi, mababa at may matipunong pangangatawan. Nakatira ang mga Ibaloy sa mga mabundok at mabatong lugar. Gawa sa kogon o nipa ang karaniwang bahay ng mga Ibaloy. May pintuan itong nakaharap sa hilaga o silangan at walang bintana. Marami silang kasanayan para sa pag-aangkop sa kapaligiran tulad ng hagdang-hagdang taniman sa gilid ng bundok at pagpapatubig sa mga ito sa tulong ng mga tubong kawayan.
Masisipag na magsasaka ang mga Ibaloy. Nagtatanim sila ng lahat ng uri ng gulay, strawberry at mga prutas. Mga lalaki ang naghahabi ng basket.
Dati, ang tungtong o konseho na binubuo ng baknang o mayayamang pangkat at matatalino ang nagpapasya sa pamayanan. May mga batas sila na sumasakop sa mga kaugalian sa kasal, diborsyo, pagmamana at mga krimen. Kinikilala rin nila ang kapangyarihan ng pambansang pamahalaan.
Sa kasalukuyang panahon, nananatili pa rin ang kasal ng mga Ibaloy sa simbahang Katoliko ngunit sinusunod pa rin nila ang kasunduan ng anak na ipakakasal. Sa handaan, tradisyong Ibaloy pa rin ang nasusunod.
IsnegKilala rin sa tawag na Apayao o Ina-gang mga Isneg na matatagpuan sa Kalinga at Apayao. Karaniwan na sa matatarik na dalisdis at mabababang burol na malapit sa mga ilog nagtatatag ng pamayanan ang mga Isneg.
Bigas ang pangunahing pagkain ng mga Isneg. Maliban sa palay, nagtatanim sila ng mais, kamote, taro at tubo para sa paggawa ng basi. Ginagawa nila ang pagtatanim matapos ang ilang ritwal o seremonya ayon na rin sa kanilang paniniwala na kaugnay ng lupa, gubat at ilog ang buhay. Ayon sa kanilang batas, ang pag-aari ng lupa ay batay sa pagiging una sa paggamit nito, aktwal na paggamit at pagtira rito at kung ito ay namamana.
Naiiba ang anyo ng bahay ng mga Isneg sa mga bahay ng iba pang pangkat-etniko sa Cordillera. Hugis-bangka ang bahay ng mga Isneg na kanilang tinatawag na binuron. Maraming pamilya ang maaaring tumira sa binuron na may isang silid lamang.
IvatanMga mamamayan ng Batanes ang mga Ivatan. Relihiyoso, masisipag, matitiyaga, magagalang at mapagkakatiwalaan ang mga Ivatan. Karaniwan sa kanila ang pagsusuot ng vakul, isang uri ng sombrero na gawa sa hinabing dahon ng voyavoy.
Madalas na dinaraanan ng bagyo ang Batanes kaya mababang hugis-kahon ang mga bahay ng mga Ivatan. Gawa ito sa bato, kogon at apog. Mayroon itong maliliit na bintana.
Mga halamang-ugat ang kanilang itinatanim at ito rin ang kanilang pangunahing ikinabubuhay.
Sa kasalukuyan, marami na ring mga Ivatan ang nakatapos ng kursong tulad ng inhinyeriya, medisina, edukasyon at iba pa.
Matatagpuan ang mga Isinay sa Aritao, Bayombong at Dupax sa Nueva Vizcaya. Katulad ng mga Ivatan, hawig ang kanilang anyo sa mga Ainu ng bansang Hapon at nahahawig ang kanilang wika sa Pangasinense. Nabibilang ito sa mga diyalekto ng Ilokano.
Kristiyano ang malaking bahagi ng populasyon ng mga Isinay. Bukod sa pagsasaka, isa pa rin sa kanilang pangunahing ikinabubuhay ang paghabi ng tela.
Pangkat-etniko sa MindanaoMaranaoMay sariling relihiyon at kultura ang mga Muslim. Pagtatanim, pagtrotroso, pangngisda at paggawa ng mga Industriyang pangtahanan ang nagbibigay sa kanila ng ikinabubuhay. Sila ay marunong magmina, manisid ng perlas at gumawa ng bangka o vinta.
Nagkakaiba man ang wika kasuotan, paniniwala at paraan ng paghahanapbuhay, ang mga pangkat-etniko sa Pilipinas ay may isang damdamin kung pagpapayaman sa kultura ang pag-uusapan. by Jobelle E. Selga. BSU (Grade 2)
Ang mga Maranao ay nakatira sa paligid ng Lawa ng Lanao - Lanao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lungsod ng Marawi at Lungsod ng Iligan. "Lawa" ang kahulugan ng salitang "ranao" kung saan hinango ang kanilang pangalan.
Ang Marawi ang tinaguriang lungsod ng mga dugong bughaw na Maranao. Sa malalaking bahay sila nakatira na may malalawak na pasilyo ngunit walang mga silid. Tanging ang mga dugong bughaw lamang ang pinapayagang manumit ng kulay ginto. Kadalasang makikita ang mga karaniwang Maranao na may dalang nakatiklop na banig pandanus. Kanila itong ginagamit sa sahig ng tahanan at sa mga moske.
Buo pa rin at Hindi naiimpluwensyahan ang kulturang Maranao. Nananatili pa rin ang kanilang tunay na naiibang disenyo at kulay sa kanilang mga gawang ukit, damit at banig at sa kanilang mga kagamitang gawa sa tanso.
T'boliSa Cotabato matatagpuan ang mga T'boli. Nangangaso sila, nangingisda at nangunguha ng mga prutas sa kagubatan na kanilang ikinabubuhay. Kaingin ang sistema ng kanilang pagsasaka. Gumagawa sila ng tela para sa damit mula sa t'nalak na hinabi mula sa hibla ng abaka.
Walang "pari" ang mga T'boli na gumaganap ng mga sagradong ritwal o nagsisilbing tagapamagitan sa tao at sa mga bathala. Kadalasang iniuukol ng mga kababaihan ang kanilang panahon sa pagpapaganda sa sarili. Nagpapahid sila ng pulot-pukyutan sa mukha, nagsusuot ng maraming hikaw, kwintas, maliliit na kampanilya at binurdahang damit.
Nagpapalagay rng tatu o hakang ang mga babae. Maaaring mag-asawa nang marami ang lalaking T'boli.
TausugKinikilala sa katapangan at kahusayan sa pakikidigma ang mga Tausug. Hindi sila kailanman umuurong sa anumang labanan sapagkat para sa kanila, ang karuwagan ay batik sa karangalan ng pamilya. Likas na mapagbigay at palakaibigan ang mga Tausug. Nalinang ang ugaling ito sa kanilang pakikipag-ugnayan at pakikipagkalakalan sa mga tao sa Timog-silangang Asya.
May pagkakaiba ang mga Tausug na nasa mga burol na tinawag na tao giniba at nasa mga dalampasigan na tinawag na tao higad. Mangingisda ang mga nakatira sa malapit sa dagat at magsasaka naman ang mga nasa loobang bahagi. Naninisid ng perlas ang nasa may dalampasigan na kanilang ipinagpapalit ng seda, tanso at bakal sa mga taga-Borneo at Sabah. Kanila ring ipinagpapalit ang mga ito ng pagkain sa mga magsasaka. Ang kalakalang ito ang nagdala ng Islam sa Sulu.
BadjaoAng pangkat na Badjao ay naninirahan sa Sulu, sa mga bayan ng Maubu, Bus-bus, Tanjung, Pata, Tapul, Lugus, Bangas, Parang, Maimbung, Karungdung at Talipaw. Tinatawag din silang Luaan, Lutaos, Bajau, Orang Laut, Samal Pal'u at Pala'u. Samal ang kanilang wika.
Kahawig ng mga Samal ang kanilang kultura. May haka-hakang sila at ang mga Samal ay isang pangkat na nagmula sa Johore sa dakong timog ng pinensulang Malaya.
Nakatira sila sa mga bangkang-bahay. Isang pamilya na may myembrong 2-13 miyembro ang maaaring tumira sa bangkang-bahay.
Pangingisda ang pangunahin nilang hanapbuhay. Gumagawa rin sila ng mga vinta at mga gamit sa pangingisda tulad ng lambat at bitag. Ang mga kababaihan ay naghahabi ng mga banig na may iba't-ibang uri ng makukulay na disenyo. Magaling din silang sumisid ng perlas.
Dahil malapit sa Tausug, karamihan sa kanila ay Muslim. Gayunpaman, naniniwala pa rin sila sa umboh o kaluluwa ng kanilang mga ninuno. ito ay pawang katotohanan.
SubanonAng mga Subanon ay matatagpuan sa mga kabundukan ng Zamboanga del Norte at Zamboanga del Sur. Kayumanggi sila at may makapal at maitim na buhok. Naniniwala silang sa iisang ninuno lamang sila nagmula.
CuyunonAng mga Cuyunon ay naninirahan sa mga pulo ng Busuanga. Agutaya at Cuyo sa gitna ng Dagat Sulu sa silangan ng Palawan at timog-kanluran ng Panay. Ayon kay Padre Luis de Jesus, isa sa mga Español na nakarating sa Cuyo at Busuanga, ang mga Cuyunon ay may dugong Tsino kaya masisipag sila at matatalino sa kalakalan. Pagkakaingin ang kanilang paraan ng pagsasaka. Nagtatanim sila ng palay, mais, kamote, at ube. Pangalawang pinagkukunan ng kanilang ikinabubuhay ang pangingisda.
Pangkat-pangkat ang mga Cuyunon kung magsaka, mangisda at kahit sa maliliit na gawaing tulad ng paglilinis ng bahay. Madalas na nag-uugnayan ang magkakapitbahay at nag-iinuman ang mga kalalakihan matapos ang kanilang gawain. Sa kanila ng pagiging Kristiyano ng mga Cuyunon, laganap pa rin ang kanilang pagsamba sa kaluluwa ng mga yumao at mga ritwal ng mga babaylan. Ang ritwal na kanilang tinatawag na palasag ay ginaganap bago mahinog ang mga palay. Para naman sa pagpapagaling sa mga maysakit, ginaganap ang taga-blac upang paalisin sa katawan ng maysakit ang masamang ispiritu. Ang patulod-sarot naman ang ritwal para mapigilan ang paglaganap ng epidemya.
BagoboMatatagpuan ang mga Bagobo sa mga baybayin ng gulpo ng Davao. Maputi sila, may matipunong pangangatawan at malapad na mukha. Kulay-mais ang kanilang buhok na may natural na kulot. Itim ang kanilang mga mata na may bahagyang pagkasingkit. Sadyang inahit nang halos guhit na lamang ang kilay ng mga Bagobo. Makapal ang kanilang labi at bilugan ang baba.
Ang mga Bagobo ang unang pangkat na nadatnan ng mga Español sa Mindanao. Noong panahong iyon, nagkakalakalan na ang iba't ibang tribu ng Bagobo. Pangunahing ikinabubuhay nila ang pagsasaka dahil na rin malapit ang kanilang panahanan sa pinagkukunan ng tubig. Pinagsasalit-salit nilang itanim ang palay at mais. Walang malinaw na pagkakaiba ang mga Gawain ng babae at lalaking Bagobo. Kapwa naghihimay ng hibla ng abaka ang babae at lalaki gayundin ang paghabi ng basket.
Napapangkat sa tatlo ang tradisyunal na lipunan ng mga Bagobo. Ang bayani ang mandirigma at ang datu ang pinuno ng mga ito. Minamana ang pagiging datu. Pangunahing tungkulin ng datu ang tumayong huwes, mag-ayos ng mga gulo at ipagtanggol ang tribu. Ang mga nabalian o paring babae ang pangalawang uri sa lipunan. Sila ang matatandang babaing mahuhusay sa paghabi.
YakanNagtatanim sila ng palay, niyog, kamoteng kahoy, lansones at mais. May sistema ng pagpapalitan sa pagsasaka ng Yakan. Nagagawa sa maikling panahon ang pag-aararo dahil pinagtutulung-tulungan ng mga magkakamag-anak at magkakaibigan ito. Punong- puno ng mga tradisyunal na paniniwala at kaugalian ang kanilang mga gawain sa pagsasaka. May paniniwala silang ang palay ay may sultan at mga pinuno kaya kinakausap nila ang "haring" palay upang mamuno sa iba pang mga binhing palay sa pagkakaroon ng masaganang ani. Kailangang ding tahimik sila habang nag-aani ng palay sa pangambang makatawag n gang iangay at maaaring liparin palayo ang palay.
Patriarka ang uri ng lupaing Yakan kung saan ang amana o ama ang pinakapuno ng pamilya. Napakalapit ng ugnayan ng magkakamag-anak kaya lapit-lapit ang kanilang mga bahay at habdang tumulong ang bawat isa sa sinuman sa kanila na magkaroon ng kasawian o kaya kapag may kasayahan.
Maraming ipinagbabawal sa buhay ng mga Yakan. Ipinagbabawal sa kanila ang pagpapakasal sa magpinsang makalawa ngunit maaaring magpakasal ang magpinsang buo manatili ang yaman ng angkan. Maaaring magpakasal nang higit sa apat ang lalaking Yakan kung kaya niyang bigyan ang mga ito ng sapat na kabuhayan. Pinapayagan din sa kanila ang diborsyo kung pumapayag dito ang lalaki.
Ang mga Yakan lamang ang tanging pangkat na kapwa nagsususot ng pantalon ang lalaki at babae. Isinusuot ng lalaking Yakan ang maong sa kanyang ulo samantalang ipinupulupot naman ito ng mga babae sa kanilang baywang.
ihiyon at kultura
6 answers
The military history of Japan is characterised by a long period of feudal wars, followed by domestic stability, and then foreign conquest. It culminates with Japan's defeat by the Allies inWorld War II. Since then, Japan's constitution has prohibited the use of military force to wage war against other countries. Unless one counts the Allied Occupation following World War II, the Japanese main islands have never been successfully invaded in historical times.
Contents[hide]By the end of the 4th century, the Yamato clan was well settled on the Nara plain with considerable control over the surrounding areas. It exchanged diplomatic envoys with theThree Kingdoms of Korea and Chinese rulers. Yamato was even strong enough to have sent an army against the powerful state of Goguryeo, which then dominated the Korean Peninsula at the time. It was most closely associated with the southwestern Korean kingdom of Baekje (百斉, or "Kudara" in Japanese), whence came the Seven-Branched Sword (or "shichishito" in Japanese). Near the end of the Heian period, the samurai became a powerful political force, thus starting the feudal period.
Yamato Period (250 - 710 AD)Wa Japan had close ties with the Gaya Confederacy in the Korean peninsula as well as with the Korean kingdom of Baekje, with whom the Wa royal family had blood ties. Gaya exported abundant quantities of iron armor and weapons to Wa (there was an abundance of naturally occurring iron in the Gaya region) and there may have even been a Japanese military post there with Gaya and Baekje cooperation. Although the Nihonshoki claims that Gaya ("Mimana" in Japanese, "Imna" in Korean, which refers to one of the many provinces in what was known at the time as Gaya) was a colony or tributary of Wa, most scholars have rejected this on the basis that there is no mention of it in either the older Kojiki or in any Korean records, nor in any Chinese records. In addition, no archaeological evidence indicating Japanese military presence has been found in the area from this period. In 552, the ruler of Baekje appealed to Yamato for help against its enemies, the neighboring Silla and its ally Tang Dynasty China. Along with his emissaries to the Yamato court, the Baekje king sent bronze images of Buddha, some Buddhist scriptures, and a letter praising Buddhism. These gifts triggered a powerful burst of Japanese interest in Buddhism. The Battle of Baekgang (白村江) took place in 663 AD, near the conclusion of the Korean Three Kingdoms period. The Nihonshoki records that Yamato sent 32,000 troops and 1,000 ships to support Baekje against Silla-Tang force. However, these ships were intercepted by a Silla-Tang fleet and defeated. Baekje, without aid and surrounded by Silla and Tang forces on the land, collapsed. A hostile Silla (Silla was a rival of Baekje, and as Baekje had a close relationship with Wa Japan, Silla viewed Wa Japan also as a rival and was hostile to it) prevented Japan from having any further meaningful contact with the Korean peninsula until far later in time. Nara Period (710-784 AD)In nearly all of the ways that matter, the Nara period was the beginning of Japanese culture becoming what we today think of as Japanese. It was in this period that Japan first gainedBuddhism, the Chinese writing system, and tea ceremony. The country was united and centrally governed for the first time, and much of the basics of the feudal system were set down. While much of the discipline, weapons, armor, and technique of the samurai was probably not developed yet, the skeleton of the Japanese feudal warrior began here. Mounted archers, swordsmen, and spearmen fought with weapons not too different from those of any other culture, across the world, who had the same level of technology. Succession disputes were prevalent here, just as in most of the later periods, and the Nara period also saw the firstShogun, Otomo no Yakamochi. Heian Period (794 - 1185 AD)Scene of the Genpei War (17th century screen).The Heian Period, militarily, consisted mainly of conflicts and battles between samurai clans over political power and influence, especially fought over control over the line of succession to the Chrysanthemum Throne. The Imperial family struggled against the control of the Fujiwaraclan, which almost exclusively monopolized the post of regent. Feudal conflicts over land, political power, and influence eventually culminated in the Genpei War between the Taira andMinamoto clans, and a large number of smaller clans allied with one side or the other. The end of the Genpei War brought about the end of the Heian and the beginning of the Kamakura period. During this period, samurai were still, largely, archers first and foremost, before swordsmen. Nearly all duels and battles began with an exchange of arrowfire, before single combat was entered, with sword and dagger. The 12th century conflicts, particularly the Genpei War, and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate which followed, mark the rise of the samurai class over the court nobility (kuge). Shogunates, essentially military governments, would dominate Japanese politics for nearly seven hundred years (1185-1868), subverting the power of the Emperor and of the Court. Militarily speaking, this period also marks a crucial shift from a Japanese state which was relatively peacefully united against outside threats, to one which did not fear invasion and instead was focused on internal division and clashes between factions within society. With the exception of the Mongol invasions of the 13th century, Japan would not face considerable outside threats until the arrival of Europeansin the 16th century, and thus pre-modern Japanese military history is largely defined not by wars with other states but by conflict within.
Feudal JapanThis period is marked by the departure from tournament-like battles, and a move to massive clashes of clans for the control of Japan. In the Kamakura period, Japan successfully repulsedMongol invasions and this started a change to conscripted armies with a core of samurai as an elite force and as commanders. Following roughly fifty years of bitter fighting over control of the Imperial succession, the Muromachi period under the Ashikaga shogunate saw a brief period of peace before the traditional systems of administration under the Court collapsed. Provincial governors and other officials under the Imperial government transformed into a new class of daimyo (feudal lords), and bringing the archipelago into a period of 150 years of fractious disunity and war. Kamakura Period (1185 - 1333 AD)The Samurai Suenaga facing Mongols, during the Mongol invasions of Japan. Moko Shurai Ekotoba (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293.Having subdued their rivals, the Taira clan, the Minamoto samurai clan established the Kamakura shogunate, which brought with it a period of peace. The only battles fought between Japanese in this period, prior to those which brought the fall of the shogunate, consisted of agents of the Minamoto suppressing rebellions or the like. The Mongols, who controlled Chinaat the time under the Yuan Dynasty, attempted to invade Japan twice in the 1200s, marking the key military events of the Kamakura period, and two of the very few invasion attempts upon Japan in the 2nd millennium. In early October 1274, the Battle of Bun'ei began with a combined force of Mongols and Koreans seizing Tsushima, and then attacking Kyūshū, landing at Hakata Bay. On 19 October, they lost many battle ships due to typhoon and the remaining troops retreated. Anticipating a second assault, the shogunate organized the construction of walls and fortresses along the shore, and gathered forces to defend against further invasions. A second invasion attempt was made in 1281, in what has come to be known as the Battle of Kōan; the Mongol-led forces retreated after losing many ships due to a typhoon once again. The equipment, tactics, and military attitudes of the samurai and their Mongol opponents differed greatly, and while both invasions failed miserably, their impact on developments and changes in samurai battle were quite significant. The samurai remained attached to ideas of single combat, that of honorable battle between individual warriors, and to certain ritual elements of battle, such as a series of archery exchanges conducted before entering into hand-to-hand fighting. The Mongols, of course, knew nothing of Japanese conventions, and were arguably much more organized in their strike tactics. They did not select individual opponents with whom to conduct honorable duels, but rode forth on horseback, with various forms of gunpowder weapons and the now-famous Mongol bow, charging into enemy lines and killing as many as they could without regard to Japanese conceptions of protocol. Though archery and mounted combat were central to Japanese warfare as well at this time, the Mongols remain famous even today for their prowess in these matters. The ways in which samurai tactics and attitudes were affected directly by these experiences, and their extent, are of course difficult to ascertain, but were certainly significant.
Muromachi Period (1336 - 1467 AD)The shogunate fell in the wake of the 1331 Genkō War, an uprising against the shogunate organized by the Emperor Go-Daigo. After a brief period under true Imperial rule, the Ashikaga shogunate was established in 1336, and a series of conflicts known as the Nanboku-chō Wars began. For over fifty years, the archipelago became embroiled in disputes over control of the Imperial succession, and thus over the country. Battles grew larger in this period, and were less ritualized. Though single combats and other elements of ritual and honorable battle remained, organized strategies and tactics under military commanders began to emerge, along with a greater degree of organization of formations and divisions within armies. It was in this period as well that weaponsmithing techniques emerged creating so-called "Japanese steel" blades, flexible yet extremely hard and sharp; the katana, and a myriad of similar or related blade weapons, appeared at this time and would dominate Japanese arms, relatively unchanged, through the mid-20th century. As a result, it was also during this period that the shift of samurai from archers to swordsmen began in a significant way. Sengoku Period (1467-1603 AD)Less than a century after the end of the Nanboku-chō Wars, peace under the relatively weak Ashikaga shogunate was destroyed by the outbreak of the Ōnin War, a roughly ten-year struggle which would see the conversion of the capital of Kyoto into a battlefield, and a heavily fortified city which suffered destruction so severe and extensive it was never matched before or since. The authority of both the shogunate and the Imperial Court all but collapsed, and provincial Governors (shugo) and other local samurai leaders emerged as the daimyo, who would battle each other, religious factions (e.g. the Ikkō-ikki) and others for land and power for the next 150 years or so. The period has come to be called Sengoku (戦国), after the Warring States period in ancient Chinese history. Over one hundred domains clashed and warred throughout the archipelago, as clans rose and fell, boundaries shifted, and some of the largest battles in all of global pre-modern history were fought. A great many developments and significant events took place during this period, ranging from advances in castle design to the advent of the cavalry charge, the further development of campaign strategies on a grand scale, to the significant changes brought on by the introduction of firearms. Army compositions changed and grew more strategic; masses of ashigaru footsoldiers, armed with long lances (yari) served a role alongside mounted samurai, archers, and later, gunners. Siege tactics and weaponry were exceedingly rare, as they would remain until the modern era, and naval battles likewise consisted of little more than the use of boats to move troops within range of bow orarquebus, and then into hand-to-hand fighting. The Hōjō clan, in and around the Kantō area, were among the first to establish networks of satellite castles, and the complex use of these castles both for mutual defense and coordinated attacks. The Takeda, under Takeda Shingen, developed the Japanese equivalent of the cavalry charge; though debate continues today as to the force of his charges, and the appropriateness of the term, comparing them to Western cavalry charges, it is evident from contemporary sources that it was a revolutionary development, and powerful against defenders unused to it. Battles of particular interest or significance are too numerous to list here, but suffice it to say that this period saw a myriad of strategic and tactical developments, and some of the longest sieges and largest battles in the history of the pre-modern world. Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1568 -1600 AD)Nanban (Western)-style samurai cuirass, 16th century.This period, named for the castle-cities which became increasingly important, is marked with the introduction of firearms, after contact with the Portuguese, and a further push towards all-out battle, away from individual combats and the influences of concepts of personal honor and bravery. The arquebus was introduced to Japan in 1543, by Portuguese onboard a Chinese ship which crashed upon the tiny island of Tanegashima in the southernmost parts of the Japanese archipelago. Though their introduction was not seen to have particularly dramatic effects for several decades, by the 1560s, thousands of gunpowder weapons were in use in Japan, and began to have revolutionary effects upon Japanese battle tactics and strategies, army compositions, and castle architecture. The 1575 Battle of Nagashino, in which about 3,000 arquebusiers led by Oda Nobunaga cut down charging ranks of thousands of samurai, remains one of the chief examples of the effect of these weapons. Highly inaccurate, and taking a long time to reload, arquebusses, or teppō (鉄砲) as they are called in Japanese, did not win battles on their own. Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and other commanders, however, conceived of tactics which honed their use to the greatest advantage. At Nagashino, Nobunaga's gunners hid behind wooden barricades, embedded with large wooden spikes to ward off cavalry, and took turns firing volleys and reloading. As in Europe, the debilitating effects of wet (and therefore largely useless) gunpowder were decisive in a number of battles. But, one of the key advantages of the weapon was that, unlike bows which required years of training largely available only to the aristocratic samurai class, guns could be used by the relatively untrained footman. Samurai stuck to their swords and their bows, engaging in cavalry or infantry tactics, while the ashigaru wielded the guns. Some militant Buddhist factions, began to produce firearms in the foundries normally employed to make bronze temple bells. In this manner, the Ikkō-ikki, a group of monks and lay religious zealots, turned their Ishiyama Honganji cathedral-fortress into one of the most well-defended fortresses in the country. Theikki and a handful of other militant religious factions thus presented significant powers unto themselves, and fought fierce battles against some of the chief generals and samurai clans in the archipelago. Though Sengoku battles continued to rage as they had for the previous century, growing larger and more tactically complex, it was at this time that the many "warring states" began to be united, first under Oda Nobunaga, then under Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and finally by Tokugawa Ieyasu. In 1592 and 1598 Toyotomi Hideyoshi organized a 160,000-man army and navy for the conquest of China's Ming Dynasty by way of Korea, after the latter's refusal to allow Japanese forces to march through. Although the Japanese forces scored initial victories on land, reaching as far as the Yalu River, the Japanese navy was completely devastated by the much smaller but technologically effective Korean navy. In addition, China sent military aid to Korea, helping seal the victory against Japan. After Hideyoshi's death, theCouncil of Five Elders ordered the remaining Japanese forces in Korea to retreat. Tokugawa Ieyasu, one of the regents, took control of most of the former leader's forces. In 1600 he won the battle of Sekigahara and solidified his rule. In 1603, he received the title of shogun, making him the nominal ruler of the entire country.
Edo Period (1603 - 1867 AD)This period was one of relative peace under the authority of the Tokugawa shogunate. The forced imposition of peace, through a variety of measures which weakened the daimyo and ensured their loyalty to the shogunate, maintained this state. The Tokugawa peace would be ruptured only rarely and briefly prior to the violence surrounding the Meiji Restoration of the 1860s. The siege of Osaka which took place in 1614-15 was essentially the last gasp forToyotomi Hideyori, heir to Hideyoshi, and an alliance of clans and other elements who opposed the shogunate. A samurai battle on a grand scale, in terms of strategy, scale, methods employed, and the political causes behind it, this is widely considered the final conflict of the Sengoku period. Outside of the siege of Osaka, and the later conflicts of the 1850s-60s, violence in the Edo period was restricted to small skirmishes in the streets, peasant rebellions, and the enforcement of maritime restrictions and the ban on Christianity imposed in the 1630s-40s. The spread of Christianity, and the Portuguese missionaries who came to Japan with Western and Chinese merchants, were seen as threats to the unity and stability of the Tokugawa state. With some very particular exceptions, foreigners were banned from the interior parts of the archipelago, and Japanese Christians persecuted. This, along with famines and other difficulties later in the Edo period brought a number of rebellions and uprisings, the largest and most famous of which was the 1638 Shimabara Rebellion.Samurai of the Satsumaclan, during the Boshin Warperiod, circa 1867. Photograph by Felice BeatoThe appearance of gunboat diplomacy in Japan in the 1850s, and the forced so-called "opening of Japan" by Western forces underscored the weaknesses of the shogunate and led to its collapse. Though the actual end of the shogunate and establishment of an Imperial government following Western modes was handled entirely peacefully, through political petitions and the like, the years surrounding the event were not an entirely bloodless revolution. Following the formal termination of the shogunate, the Boshin War (戊辰戦争 Boshin Sensō, literally "War of the Year of the Dragon") was fought in 1868-1869 between the Tokugawa army and a number of factions of nominally pro-Imperial forces to seize power and fill the gap thus created.
Modern PeriodAfter a long peace, Japan rearmed by importing, then manufacturing Western weapons, and finally manufacturing weapons of Japanese design. During the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), Japan became the first Asian nation since Genghis Khan's Mongols to win a war against a European nation. In 1902 it became the first Asian nation to sign a mutual defence pact with a European nation, Britain. Japan was also the last major power to enter the race of global colonization. Severely hampered by its still-developing industries, Japan started a war against the United States during World War II with less than one-tenth of the industrial capabilities of the U.S. Japan has never participated in a major war as a combatant after being defeated in World War II. Even though Japan maintains a powerful defense force, its Constitution, originally drawn under the guidelines of GEN Douglas MacArthur in 1945, formally renounces war and the use of military force in aggressive or offensive ways. Japan also maintains a policy against the exporting of military hardware. In addition, Japan is the only nation with a space exploration program, but no nuclear weapons. Meiji PeriodModern Army EstablishedIn 1873, the Imperial government enacted the conscription law and established the Imperial Japanese Army. As class distinctions were all but eliminated in attempts to modernize and create a representative democracy, samurai lost their status as the only class with military obligations. A sensationalized depiction of this can be seen in The Last Samurai starring Tom Cruise.
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)Main article: First Sino-Japanese WarThe Sino-Japanese War was fought against the forces of the Qing Dynasty of China in theKorean peninsula, Manchuria, and the coast of China. It was the first major conflict between Japan and an overseas military power in modern times. The Treaty of Shimonoseki (下関条約Shimonoseki Jyoyaku?) signed between Japan and China ended the war. Through this treaty, Japan forced China to open ports for international trade and ceded the southern portion of China's Liaoning province as well as the island of Taiwan to Japan. China also had to pay a war indemnity of 200 million Kuping taels. As a result of this war, Korea ceased to be a tributary state of China, but fell into Japan's sphere of influence. However, many of the material gains from this war were lost by Japan due to the Triple Intervention.
Russo-Japanese WarMain article: Russo-Japanese WarThe Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 was the third time in history in which an Eastern power defeated a Western one (Genghis Khan, 1162-1227, and Attila the Hun, 406-453 AD), and marks the emergence of Japan as a major military power. Japan demonstrated that it could apply Western technology, discipline, strategy, and tactics in an effective war.
Taisho Period - World War I1914: Japan was a member of the Allies during World War I and was rewarded with control ofGerman colonies in the Pacific. The 70,000-strong Japanese force also intervened in Russiaduring the Russian Civil War, supporting the anti-Communist factions, but failed to achieve their objective and was forced to withdraw. A small group of Japanese cruisers and destroyers also participated in various missions in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Showa Period - World War IIMain article: Pacific WarSee also: Development of Japanese tanks in World War II
Already controlling an area directly surrounding the South Manchuria Railroad, Japan'sKwantung Army further invaded Manchuria (Northeast China) in 1931, following the Mukden Incident, in which they claimed to have had territory attacked by the Chinese (a few meters of the South Manchuria Railway was destroyed in a bombing sabotage). By 1937, Japan had annexed territory north of Beijing and, following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, a full-scale invasion of China began. Japanese military superiority over a weak and demoralized Chinese Republican army allowed for swift advances down the eastern coast, leading to the fall ofShanghai and Nanjing (Nanking, then capital of the Republic of China) the same year. The Chinese suffered greatly in both military and civilian casualties. An estimated 300,000 civilians were killed during the first weeks of Japanese occupation of Nanjing, during the Nanking Massacre. In September 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan became allies under the Tripartite Pact. Germany, which had previously trained and supplied the Chinese army, halted all Sino-German cooperation, and recalled its military advisor (Alexander von Falkenhausen). In July 1940, the U.S. banned the shipment of aviation gasoline to Japan, and by 1941, shipments ofscrap metal, steel, gasoline, and other materials had virtually ceased. Meanwhile, American economic support to China began to increase. In April 1941, Japan and the Soviet Union signed a neutrality pact and Japan increased pressure on the Vichy French and Dutch colonies inSoutheast Asia to cooperate in economic matters. On July 22 1941, Japanese forces invadedFrench Indochina and occupied its naval and air bases. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and against several other countries on 7 December 1941, the United States, United Kingdom and the other Allies declared war; the Second Sino-Japanese War became part of the global conflict of World War II. Japanese forces initially experienced great success against Allied forces in the Pacific and South East Asia, capturing Thailand, Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, theDutch East Indies, the Philippines and many Pacific Islands. They also made major offensives in Burma and air and naval attacks against Australia. The Allies turned the tide of war at sea in mid-1942, at the Battle of Midway. Japanese land forces continued to advance in the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns but suffered significant defeats and/or were forced to retreat at the battles of Milne Bay, the Kokoda Track and Guadalcanal. From 1943 onwards, hard-fought battles at the battles of Battle of Buna-Gona, the Tarawa, Battle of the Philippine Sea, Battle of Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and others resulted in horrific casualties on both sides, but eventually produced further Japanese retreats. On August 6 and 9 August 1945, the U.S. dropped two atomic bombs, on Hiroshima and on Nagasaki respectively. More than 200,000 people died as a direct result of these two bombings, after which the Soviet Union entered the war against Japan. Japan surrendered on August 15 1945 and a formal Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, on the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. The surrender was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Allied Commander, with representatives of each Allied nation, from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu. A separate surrender ceremony between Japan and China was held in Nanking on9 September 1945.Douglas MacArthur signs the formal surrender of Japanese forces on the USS Missouri,1945-09-02
Following this period, MacArthur established bases in Japan to oversee the postwar development of the country. This period in Japanese history is known as the Occupation. U.S. President Harry Truman officially proclaimed an end of hostilities on 31 December 1946. Over the course of the war, Japan displayed many significant advances in military technology, strategy and tactics. Among them were the Yamato class battleship, the Sensuikan Tokusubmarine bomber carriers, the Mitsubishi Zero fighters, and Kamikaze bombers.
The Atlantis DocumentsIt is sometimes argued that the Japanese decision to attack the Allies was, in large part, influenced by the capture of British documents with regards to British forces, the defenses ofSingapore, codes, and information on Australia and New Zealand, as well as an appraisal of Japanese intentions. These documents were captured by the German Hilfskreuzer (auxiliary cruiser) Atlantis, on 1940-11-11. Other elements show that Japanese military command chose to invade allied territory as a result of a failure to defend itself against Soviet forces in 1938-1939 during the Nomonhan Incident.
Post-World War IIAfter a period of U.S. occupation(1945-1952), Japan regained its independence. Japan was also forbidden to have a standing army or wage war by Article nine of its Constitution. Although the Japanese constitution says "land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained," the Jieitai (自衛隊), or Japan Self-Defense Forces were created shortly after the end of U.S. occupation. The Jieitai is one of the most technologically advanced armed forces in the world and Japanese military expenditures are the seventh highest in the world. Though the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, signed in 1960, allows for the continued presence of American military bases in Japan, most of them on Okinawa, no formal agreement was ever set by which Japan officially relies on the United States, United Nations, or another body for its defense. In the aftermath of the Occupation, attempts were made by some administrations in Japan, particularly at the urging of the United States, to amend the Constitution and rearm. However, intense popular sentiment against this action, and against war in general, along with the attitudes and agendas of significant elements within the government, prevented this. In 1967, Prime Minister Eisaku Satō outlined the Three Non-Nuclear Principles by which Japan stands against its production, or possession of nuclear weaponry. Similar ideas were expressed several years later against the production and export of conventional arms. The Diet of Japan is currently deliberating an amendment to theConstitution which would repeal Article Nine, and allow Japan to once again have projective military capacity. For the time being, Japan has deployed the Jieitai to aid in a number of non-combat missions, especially those involving humanitarian aid, such as aiding the victims of the 1995 Kobe earthquake, providing administrative support to the United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL) Norwegian Battalion (NORBATT) in the 1990s, and helping rebuild Iraq. Some Japanese state a desire to have their own military due to fear of the growing power of China and the hostility of North Korea. They claim that the U.S. has failed to properly address these issues, and therefore Japan must grant itself "the power to defend itself". In 2004, then-United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan announced a plan to expand the number of permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council, and Japan seeks to gain one of those seats. Despite Japan's economic power and political influence, however, it is debatable whether or not a country with no standing military can be considered a "world power" such that it would be granted a permanent seat on the Council. Recent disputes with neighboring countries like China, South Korea, and Russia over territories such as the Senkaku Islands, Liancourt Rocks, and the Kuril Islands, as well as accusations of Japanese whitewashing of history in varioustextbook controversies have also complicated this process.1 answer