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Can someone break this down into simpler form? "In the grape culture context, I have used the terms imperial and empire while describing a sense of the prevailing cultural mindset of American viti- culturists, including a basic will to power over markets, international social standing, and national expansion."
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She invented a system of hygiene and hair care for African American women and created a line of hair care products. She founded the Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company in 1906 and trained thousands of women to become "beauty culturists" and sales agents. She was one of the pioneers of the modern hair care and cosmetics industries and started her company when there were only a few commercially available hair care products for women. For more information visitwww.madamcjwalker.com
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Born Sarah Breedlove on December 23 1867, Madame CJ Walker started out life in a family of slave, she became an orphane at the age of seven and got married, for the first time, at age fourteen.her husband died. She then began to suffer from a scalp ailment that caused her to lose most of her hair and tried many different products to cure it. In 1905 she moved to Denver and married Charles Joseph Walker, her third husband, and began her buisness selling Madame CJ Walkers Wonderful Hair Grower, a scalp conditioning treatment she claimed came to her in a dream. In 1908 she opened Lelia College to train Walker hair culturists in Pittsburgh. Then in 1910 she moved to Indianapolis where she built a factory, hair and manicure salon and another training school, that year she also contributed $1,000 to the building fund of the "colored" YMCA in Indianapolis. In July 1917, when a white mob murdered more than three dozen blacks in East St. Louis, Illinois, Walker joined a group of Harlem leaders who visited the White House to present a petition favoring federal anti-lynching legislation. Also, in 1917 she organized the first ever Hair Culturists Union of America convention in Philadelphia. by the time she died she had helped create the role of the 20th Century, self-made American businesswoman; established herself as a pioneer of the modern black hair-care and cosmetics industry; and set standards in the African-American community for corporate and community giving. She truly went from rags-to-riches and once commented"There is no royal flower-strewn path to success, and if there is, I have not found it for if I have accomplished anything in life it is because I have been willing to work hard." hey my name is Melissa Boyd and my sn on aim is elmoluver218
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Sir Randol Francis Fawkes Sir Randol Francis Fawkes often referred to as The Father of Labour for the work that he did in establishing the trade union movement in The Bahamas, was born on March 20th, 1924, Nassau, Bahamas. He was called to the Bahamas Bar in April 1948. In June 1951, he married the former Jacqueline Rosalie Bethel of West End, Grand Bahamas. There are four children of the union: Francis, Rosalie, Douglas and David. During the 1950's and 1960's, Sir Randol was in the vanguard of almost every progressive movement: - the Citizens' Committee (1949), The Bahamas Federation of Labour (1955). After his first election to the House of Assembly in 1956, Sir Randol consistently served on the Select Committees for Labour Relations and Constitutional Reforms. Association of The Bahamas with the University of the West Indies (UWI) and the Court of Appeal also bear his mark. In January, 1956, as President of B.F. of L., he led the General Strike, which resulted in major constitutional and labor reforms. In March, 1958 while on a lecture tour of New York City he was cited by the Caribbean League of America and the Abyssinia Baptist Church "in recognition of his outstanding civic contribution to Bahamian life and times." Later in the same year, the National League of Beauty Culturists similarly honored him in Nassau. In 1961, he successful piloted through the House of Assembly, the Bill which established Labour Day as a public holiday. He was re-elected to the House of Assembly in 1962 and in 1963, Sir Randol represented the Labour Party at the Constitutional Conference in London, England. He was the first representative to raise the question of independence for The Bahamas on the floor of the House of Assembly. In September, 1966, he pleaded the case before the United Nations urging its assistance for the Bahamian people in their stride towards self-determination. In 1967, his was the decisive vote that broke the 18-18 deadlock between the two major parties: the United Bahamian Party and the Progressive Liberal Party. As a consequence, Majority Rule was then ushered into the country with formation of a PLP-Labour Coalition government. From January, 1967 to April, 1968, Sir Randol served as Minister of Labour and Commerce in the first PLP-Labour Government. In 1972, he returned to the private practice of Law. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the trade union movement and to the country, knighthood was conferred on Sir Randol by Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth in 1978. Sir Randol documented his memoirs in a book titled: The Faith that Moved the Mountain.
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Unity and diversity
Unityand Diversity, I have to say, are old themes of Ethical Cultureand one is seldom mentioned without the other. In one of his first key speeches about Ethical Culture, our founding Leader, Dr. Felix Adler, explained that it would be a religion of people with free minds who would be deeply engaged in good works. He said: "Difference is inevitable and welcomein thought, but be one with us where there is nothing to hide , in action. " And that's when he coined the phrase, "Diversityin the creed, unanimity in the deed." The "diversity" he's talking about in this phrase, refers, in the main, to the diversityin individual thoughts about and beliefs in god, gods or no gods. However, if you look into the beliefs of Ethical Culturists on that subject today, I doubt you're going to find a lot of true diversity. It's unlikely you'll find that any of us worship a divinity - though we make it clear that in Ethical Culture, anything you care to believe on that score is totally up to you. And as for unanimity in the deed - that doesn't mean we all do the same deed, of course, it just means we all believe in the importance of good deeds, of service, of citizenship. We all know that the good life includes thinking of others and helping out when we can. But that's not the only way he spoke of unityand diversity. Adler also spoke of unityand diversityin a more sweeping way, a more universal way. In his book, "An Ethical Philosophy of Life," he explained a theory of community in the chapter with the strange title of, "The Ideal of the Whole and the Ethical Manifold." Sounds dreadful, doesn't it ... Allow me to digress a moment here about the word "manifold" - it's over 1,000 years old and originally meant a document that was folded many times - the word has come to have dozens of meanings, all having to do with "numerous and/or varied," and in machinery, it is a chamber having several outlets through which a liquid or gas is disbursed or gathered. I have to say it is not a word that has received a great deal of use in my personal lexicon. For me it was just a word my father and uncles bandied about during car talk - it seemed to be something connected to the muffler (muffler's a much easier word - it does what it says: muffles sound). Anyway, both manifolds and mufflers were mysterious things attached somewhere on the bottom of cars. But back to Adler's manifold. It was a concept he thought should be kept in mind. It did not and does not exist in time and space. To use today's terms, it is a "model" - his manifold represents an "infinite, ideal whole," an "ethical universe, " that is made up of people - and each of us, every person, is a unique "ethical unit" in that universe of humanity - and each of us, every one, is absolutely necessary, with " reciprocal interdependence " to that universe and the other units within it.
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Madame C.J. Walker (1867-1919)
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Sarah Breedlove McWilliams Walker, better known as Madame CJ Walker or Madame Walker, together with Marjorie Joyner revolutionized the hair care and cosmetics industry for African American women early in the 20th century.
Early YearsMadame CJ Walker was born in 1867 in poverty-stricken rural Louisiana. The daughter of former slaves, she was orphaned at the age of seven. Walker and her older sister survived by working in the cotton fields of Delta and Vicksburg, Mississippi. She married at age fourteen and her only daughter was born in 1885. After her husband's death two years later, she traveled to St. Louis to join her four brothers who had established themselves as barbers. Working as a laundrywoman, she managed to save enough money to educate her daughter, and became involved in activities with the National Association of Colored Women. Inspired by NeedDuring the 1890s, Sarah began to suffer from a scalp ailment that caused her to lose some of her hair. Embarrassed by her appearance, she experimented with a variety of home-made remedies and products made by another black woman entrepreneur, Annie Malone. In 1905, Sarah became a sales agent for Malone and moved to Denver, where she married Charles Joseph Walker. Madam Walker's Wonderful Hair GrowerChanging her name to Madame CJ Walker, Sarah founded her own business and began selling her own product called Madam Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower, a scalp conditioning and healing formula. To promote her products, she embarked on an exhausting sales drive throughout the South and Southeast selling her products door to door, giving demonstrations, and working on sales and marketing strategies. In 1908, she opened a college in Pittsburgh to train her "hair culturists." The Walker SystemEventually, her products formed the basis of a thriving national corporation employing at one point over 3,000 people. Her Walker System, which included a broad offering of cosmetics, licensed Walker Agents, and Walker Schools offered meaningful employment and personal growth to thousands of Black women. Madame Walker's aggressive marketing strategy combined with relentless ambition led her to be labeled as the first known African-American woman to become a self-made millionaire.Having amassed a fortune in fifteen years, this pioneering businesswoman died at the age of 52. Her prescription for success was perseverance, hard work, faith in herself and in God, "honest business dealings" and of course, quality products. "There is no royal flower-strewn path to success," she once observed. "And if there is, I have not found it - for if I have accomplished anything in life it is because I have been willing to work hard."
Improved Permanent Wave MachineAn employee of Madame CJ Walker's empire,Marjorie Joyner invented an improved permanent wave machine. This device patented in 1928, curled or "permed" women's hair for a relatively lengthy period of time. The wave machine was popular among women white and black allowing for longer-lasting wavy hair styles. Joyner went on to become a prominent figure in Madame CJ Walker's industry, though she never profited directly from her invention, the assigned intellectual property of the Walker Company. Madame Walker on Herself"I am a woman who came from the cotton fields of the South. From there I was promoted to the washtub. From there I was promoted to the cook kitchen. And from there I promoted myself into the business of manufacturing hair goods and preparations. I have built my own factory on my own ground" - Madame WalkerPrevious
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Madam C. J. Walker
FAMILY BACKGROUND: Sarah Breedlove, who later became known as Madam
C. J. Walker, was born into a former-slave family to parents Owen and Minerva Breedlove.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Madam Walker was an entrepreneur who built her empire developing hair products for black women. She claims to have built her company on an actual dream
where a large black man appeared to her and gave her a formula for curing baldness. When confronted with the idea that she was trying to conform black women's hair to that of whites, she stressed that her products were simply an attempt to help black women take proper care of their hair and promote its growth.
NAME: Madam C.J. Walker (birth name Sarah Breedlove)
DATE OF BIRTH: December 23, 1867
PLACE OF BIRTH: Delta, Louisiana
DATE OF DEATH: May 25, 1919
PLACE OF DEATH: New York, New York
Madam Walker was quite the business woman. Her third husband, Charles Joseph Walker and her daughter Lelia had key roles in the growth and day-to-day operations of the business. In September, 1906 Madam Walker and her husband toured the country promoting their products and training sales agents while Lelia ran a mail-order operation from Denver. From 1908 to 1910 they operated a beauty training school, the Lelia College for Walker Hair Culturists, in Pittsburgh. In 1910 they moved the central operations to Indianapolis, then the country's largest manufacturing base, to utilize that city's access to eight major railway systems. At this height of success, Madam Walker gathered a group of key principals to run the company, and she and her husband divorced.
She became an inspiration to many black women. Fully recognizing the power of her wealth and success she lectured to promote her business which in turn empowered other women in business. She gave lectures on black issues at conventions sponsored by powerful black institutions. She also encouraged black Americans to support the cause of World War I and worked to have black veterans granted full respect.
After the bloody East St. Louis Race Riot of 1917, Madam Walker devoted herself to having lynching made a federal crime. In 1918 she was the keynote speaker at many National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) fund raisers for the anti-lynching effort throughout the Midwest and East. She was honored later that summer by the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) for making the largest contribution to saving the home of abolitionist Frederick Douglass. She donated large sums of money to the NAACP's anti-lynching campaign and later in her life revised her will to support black schools, organizations, individuals, orphanages, retirement homes, as well as YWCAs and YMCAs.
Madam Walker's home, Villa Lewaro, was built in August of 1918 on Irvington-on-Hudson, New York. Her neighbors included industrialists Jay Gould and John D. Rockefeller. The grand estate served not only as her home but as a conference center for summits of race leaders to discuss current issues.
Madam Walker died at Villa Lewaro at the age of 51 on Sunday, May 25, 1919 from complications of hypertension. Upon her death she was considered to be the wealthiest African-American woman in America and known to be the first African-American woman millionaire. Some sources cite her as the first self-made American woman millionaire. Her daughter Lelia succeeded her as president of the C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company.
older sister, Louvenia and brothers Alexander, James, Solomon and Owen, Jr. Her parents had been slaves on Robert W. Burney's Madison Parish farm which was a battle-staging area during the Civil War for General Ulysses S. Grant and his Union troops. She became an orphan at age 7 when her parents died during an epidemic of yellow fever. To escape the epidemic and failing cotton crops, the ten year old Sarah and her sister moved across the river to Vicksburg in 1878 and obtained work as maids. At the age of fourteen, Sarah married Moses McWilliams to escape her sister's abusive husband. They had a daughter, Lelia (later known as A'Lelia Walker, a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance). When Lelia was only two years old, McWilliams died. Sarah's second marriage to John Davis August 11, 1894 failed and ended sometime in 1903. She married for the third time in January, 1906 to newspaper sales agent, Charles Joseph Walker; they divorced around 1910.
er is the first lady to
FAMILY BACKGROUND: Sarah Breedlove, who later became known as Madam C. J. Walker, was born into a former-slave family to parents Owen and Minerva Breedlove. She had one older sister, Louvenia and brothers Alexander, James, Solomon and Owen, Jr. Her parents had been slaves on Robert W. Burney's Madison Parish farm which was a battle-staging area during the Civil War for General Ulysses S. Grant and his Union troops. She became an orphan at age 7 when her parents died during an epidemic of yellow fever. To escape the epidemic and failing cotton crops, the ten year old Sarah and her sister moved across the river to Vicksburg in 1878 and obtained work as maids. At the age of fourteen, Sarah married Moses McWilliams to escape her sister's abusive husband. They had a daughter, Lelia (later known as A'Lelia Walker, a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance). When Lelia was only two years old, McWilliams died. Sarah's second marriage to John Davis August 11, 1894 failed and ended sometime in 1903. She married for the third time in January, 1906 to newspaper sales agent, Charles Joseph Walker; they divorced around 1910.
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"Remember, a healthy skin means a great deal toward a healthy body." Rippon Seymour.
It would be difficult to estimate the value of a clean skin in maintaining health. You cannot enjoy exhilarating health and vital power and be dirty. Cleanliness is more than a part of health. IT IS HEALTH Cleanliness must be the rule not only externally but internally also. The object of every health-building canon is to cleanse the body. Air purifies and cleanses the blood as it comes in contact with it in the various minute air cells of the lungs.
Water taken internally makes all the fluids of the body assume a proper consistency, and thereby assists in the internal cleansing process.
Exercise is a marvelous cleansing agent. I once more lay stress on this fact. Exercise and you increase the activity of every part of the functional system, and the blood, as it rushes along through arteries and capillaries, not only performs its duties in a thorough fashion, but is cleansed of much of its impurities by the increased activity of the eliminating organs brought about by vigorous muscular movement.
There are many who bathe regularly and frequently who are not clean. How few realize that the internal surface of all the various arteries, glands and organs of the body is perhaps fifty times greater than the exterior surface of the body.. To be clean means that every part of this internal surface must be free from filth and foreign matter. The average human being in this age of hearty eating and excessive clothing must bathe frequently in order to he clean, inwardly and outwardly.
The true object of bathing is not only to remove the dirt from the exterior surface of the body, but to accelerate the action of the pores, and thus enable the interior organs to properly and effectively perform their functional processes.
The bathing habits of individuals as well as house-holds differ very materially. In some homes, the taking of a bath is an unusual event. In country districts where bath tubs are unknown, one or two baths during the winter season will often represent the total efforts in this direction.
Although you may be able to avoid bathing and enjoy a moderate degree of health, you will undoubtedly be stronger, healthier and cleaner if the bath is frequently used.
Let us carefully consider the effects of bathing. We have hot, tepid and cold baths. The cold bath is usually taken without soap, and is not especially cleansing. It is like surf bathing, a valuable tonic. It brings the blood to the surface of the skin and is generally exhilarating. It should be used with care. To some it is very beneficial, while to others, if the circulation is poor, it is far from advantageous. If not very strong, you should begin with almost tepid water. Each day the water can be made a little colder. The cold bath, to be productive of the most benefit, must be followed almost immediately by a feeling of warmth and exhilaration. If you cannot thus recuperate, the bath has been too cold, and it should be used warmer on the next occasion.
In order to be productive of all possible benefits, a cold bath should follow a dry friction bath of the en-tire body, the latter being preceded by some vigorous exercise that will bring all the muscles of the body into thorough activity. If a cold bath is taken after the circulation and the functional and muscular systems have been thus awakened, it is then not only beneficial, but thoroughly enjoyable as well.
There are various ways of taking cold baths, but probably the safest method of beginning is to use a 'wet towel or a sponge. If you wish to be still more careful, you can merely dip the hands in cold water and rub them allover the body. The shock from this is mild indeed, and to recuperate from it is not difficult. After trying this a few days, a wet towel can be used, and then later, you can secure a large sponge and use the cold water still more freely.
Some take a plunge into a bath tub of cold water. This is a very vigorous method and can hardly be recommended, unless a great deal of vital strength is possessed by the bather.
Never take a cold bath when you are chilly or unless the idea of it seems actually pleasurable. Though one may shiver at the thought of a cold "tub" upon rising from a warm bed, some active exercise such as I described and preceding it, will often make you actually yearn for and thoroughly enjoy it.
Cold water is a powerful stimulant to the exterior circulation. When it is first applied, it drives the blood inward and onward in its course toward the heart. New blood soon rushes back to the surface and so the circulation is greatly accelerated.
Exposure is often said to produce a cold, and the same means can usually be used to cure it. In other words, one can bring about a very quick recovery from a cold by using some means of inducing greatly increased activity of the pores. I have on an occasion, adopted what many would term a very dangerous method of curing a cold. I would stand or lie for a long time in a cold draught without clothing. I know that the average individual would be afraid of pneumonia under the like circumstances, but exposure of this kind induces extraordinary activity of the purifying processes of the pores of the skin, and of the circulation. The combination was highly curative. The cause of consumption and numerous other diseases is a dead, inactive skin, and cold bathing is unquestionably one of the most powerful means of bringing about a normal condition of the skin.
Surf bathing is both a remedial agent and a tonic. It is invaluable in curing skin diseases. I would advise those of my readers who live near the sea shore to take a daily dip in the surf. A great advantage in bathing of this kind is the fact that one gets the added benefit of sun and air.
The more clothing you wear, the less you exercise,and the more you eat, the more frequently the use of hot baths will be necessary. They are powerful exterior cleansing agents. They open the pores, draw a vast quantity of blood to the surface of the body, and induce activity of the secreting glands which pour their impurities out through the pores. If you follow the ordinary habits of life, a hot bath with. the free use of soap not too strongly impregnated with alkali, from one to three times per week is undoubtedly beneficial. The best soap to use is that made of vegetable oil. Pure castile soap can be recommended. Soap will, to a certain extent, extract the oil from the skin, and the more alkali that it contains the more such result will be noticed. -Oil makes heat and is a valuable emollient; it keeps the skin soft and velvety to the touch and in appearance, and if it is removed too freely by frequent soapings, injury may result to the cuticle.
The necessity for hot baths must be determined, however, by your habits and needs. If you are what is termed "a high liver," and do not exercise much, you will have to use hot, baths very frequently in order to maintain even exterior cleanliness. When you feel sticky, you can then be sure that it is time to bathe, though it is far better to anticipate this condition.
Hot baths are likely to be relaxing, and in excess are certainly debilitating. If you are not very strong they should be taken with the greatest care. In many cases they are capable of working more harm than are cold baths.
The tepid bath makes for cleanliness, though this is about the only purpose that it serves. It has but little effect upon the exterior circulation, and accelerates the action of the pores only to the extent of the power exerted by the rubbing and drying of the skin.
The shower is probably the most exhilarating of all forms of the bath. It is used almost universally in gymnasiums, and those in the habit of attending such institutions and taking it, and the exercise that precedes it, are loud in their praise of its value. I have heard hundreds of comments upon the remark-able change that is noticed after half an hour of exercise followed by a shower bath. For gymnasium use, the shower is at first usually hot or moderately warm for the purpose of washing off the perspiration and impurities that may have exuded from the pores while exercising; but following this, the water is used as cold as it runs from the pipes.
The more one is in the habit of bathing, the more impurities will be eliminated from the pores. If you do not bathe quite frequently, there is a possibility that they will accumulate in such quantities in the system as to cause some serious disease. A Dr. Robertson of Chicago has asserted that while baths unquestionably attract a very large quantity of the blood to the surface, there are practically no impurities eliminated from the pores of the skin. -I am inclined to believe that this assertion is considered false by nearly every member of his own profession. If you inhale the odor that often arises from perspiration when one is not in good health, you will have positive proof that impurities are eliminated through it. He is unquestionably right in his assertion that a soap of strong alkali will remove too much oil from the skin, but it is not at all necessary to use soap of this character. High grade vegetable soap contains but very little alkali.
The danger of pneumonia from a bath may occur to those who indulge in bodily ablutions "once in a year whether they need a bath or not," but those who bathe regularly will be in very little danger from the disease, because of their cleanly habits.
Too much hot bathing is unquestionably debilitating, and there may be a few people who are bathed out of-the world according to this doctor's assertion. But where there is one who dies from the use of water, there are probably thousands who do so be-cause of filth-clogged pores and deadened natural activities due to the need of frequent baths.
If all were as clean as Dr. Page, who is well known to physical culturists, states that he and his patients are, through the use of proper foods, undoubtedly there would be but little use for hot baths. But those who follow the ordinary habits of civilized life of to-day would, I think, find difficulty in thoroughly cleansing the body with tepid water without soap, a method which Dr. Page advocates.
Let each and every individual consider this subject carefully for himself, and form habits that will bring about the highest degree of health and strength in his own particular case. What each one should desire is internal and external cleanliness. You want a wholesome, clean, strong body, and you should make every possible effort to acquire it.
If you can live clean dietetically, wear clothing of light weight, thus securing the benefit of almost a continual air bath, and make free use of towels and soft brushes for friction of the body, you may be able to keep sweet without much use of water. But living so close to Nature is very difficult for the aver-age individual in this civilized age. Therefore, you must do the best you can. Personally, I usually take a cold bath with a wet towel immediately after my exercise in the morning, and one or two hot baths during the week, just before retiring at night. In the matter of hot baths, I allow my inclination to indicate their need. I have no regular days for taking them.
I am very much inclined to believe that the personal method which I have indicated, would be applicable to the average individual who desires to possess abounding, exhilarating health.
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