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Kevin Wohler was born on October 13, 1967, in Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
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Fredrich Wohler did not discover beryllium, but rather the element beryllium was discovered by French chemist Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin in 1798. Wohler is best known for his synthesis of urea from ammonium cyanate in 1828.
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Friedrich Wohler was a German educator and chemist, he was the first scientist that performed the synthesis of urea, besides of working in the isolation of several chemical elements. He is remembered as one of the pioneers of organic chemistry.
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He reacted Potassium and Beryllium Chloride to isolate Beryllium.
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It's a Wohler
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Werner Sommer has written:
'Wohler Ansichten' -- subject(s): Wohlen, Switzerland (Aargau) in art
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Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin discovered in 1798 beryllium in emeralds; in 1828 Fiedrich Wohler and Antoine Bussy isolated the pure element.
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Friedrich Wohler is often referred to as the "father of organic chemistry" because of his synthesis of urea from ammonium cyanate in 1828. This experiment dispelled the theory of vitalism and helped establish the foundation of organic chemistry as a separate scientific discipline.
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Friedrich Wohler proved that a life force is not needed to make organic compounds by synthesizing urea from inorganic compounds in 1828. This experiment demonstrated that organic compounds, which were once thought to only arise from living organisms, could be created without the need for a vitalistic life force. This discovery challenged the idea of vitalism and paved the way for the field of organic chemistry.
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J. Patrick Wohler has written:
'The history museum as an effective educational institution' -- subject(s): Historical museums, Museums and schools
'The early commercial photographers of Lanark & Renfrew Counties, Ontario 1850-1925' -- subject(s): Commercial photography, Directories, History, Photographers
'Charles de Salaberry' -- subject(s): Biography, Great Britain, Great Britain. Army, History, Soldiers, United States War of 1812
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Friedrich Wöhler is credited with synthesizing the first organic compound in 1828 when he produced urea from ammonium cyanate. This experiment challenged the idea of vitalism, which suggested that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms.
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I don't think it was particularly discovered. Scientists had suspected something unknown in alum as early as 1787. Hans Christian Oersted was the first to produce tiny amounts of it.
Humphry Davy in 1808 identified the existense of a metal base of alum, which he at first termed alumium and later aluminum.
Some credit Oersted, a Danish chemist, other credit Wohler, a German
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until the discovery of urea, in 1828, by Friedrich Wohler, chemists divided compounds that were producible and compounds that were only made by organisms. the compounds that were made by organisms were known as organic compounds. urea, being a reaction that happens in your liver, was a organic compound. by accident, Friedrich had synthesized an organic compound.
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The vital force theory was rejected with the advancement of scientific knowledge in fields such as biology, chemistry, and physics. These disciplines provided more concrete explanations for biological processes that did not require the notion of a separate vital force guiding life functions. The discovery of cellular and molecular mechanisms further contributed to discrediting the vital force theory.
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the first organic compound was obtained by Wohler when he obtained urea(organic compound)from ammonium cyanate(inorganic compound),i.e.
NH4CNO-------------------->(NH2)2CO
Main Sources:
coal,petroleum & natural gas(CH4, small quantity of C2H6)
Actually organic compounds are present in living bodies they are present in shape of enzymes,lipids,carbohydrates,proteins,DNA,RNA,vitaminsetc,because all these compoundes contain sufficent amount of organic compounds
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Elements in the days of alchemists were radically different, as well as the definition of what is an element and what is organic/inorganic. What Wohler did for chemistry is open the door to realizing that the body is a chemical producing factory, and that these chemicals could be synthetically produced outside of the body. In the days of alchemy we really had a very select amount of base elements that they could achieve with the technology they had. Really the only elements they were able to reduce to were metals(clumped into one cateregory) and sulfur, as well as the other 4 elements which we should all know thanks to Bruce willis.
Woehler synthesised urea from inorganic chemicals in 1828 (ammonia and carbon dioxide?). At the time it was believed that organic chemicals could not be synthesized from inorganic chemicals: The theory of Vitalism, that the 'life force' was needed to make organic compounds, held sway until that time . Woehler's work was a demonstration that this theory was wrong. Its overthrow, together with Kekule's work on molecular structure, led to the rapid growth of 'recipes' for the synthesis of organic compounds - compounds found in living organisms. Both Woehler and Kekule desrve to be called the fathers of organic chemistry.
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It was found in emeralds from the mountains of France and California. ------ The first mineral with beryllium was an emerald from Peru, studied by the German chemist Klaproth; similar gems were analyzed by Bindheim and Hauy. In 1798 the French chemist Vauquelin identified in the gems a new metal oxide, initially called glucina. After 30 years Bussy and Wohler, separately, isolated the pure metal by reacting potassium and beryllium chloride.
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The rejection of the vital force theory was mainly attributed to the rise of modern scientific approaches in the 19th century, particularly with the advancements in chemistry and physiology. Scientists like Claude Bernard and Rudolf Virchow played key roles in challenging the vitalistic ideas by emphasizing the importance of understanding biological processes through physical and chemical principles rather than invoking a mystical life force.
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It is unknown who named it Beryllium
Found this in wikipedia:
The name beryllium comes (via Latin: Beryllus) from the Greek βήρυλλος, bērullos, beryl,
"to become pale," in reference to the palesemiprecious gemstone beryl.
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Aluminium was so expensive in the past because it was extremely difficult to prepare it in a metallic form. First metallic aluminium was prepared by Oersted (1825) and subsequently by Wohler (1827). Deville found a way to make a metallic aluminium cheaper in 1854. Anyway, even shortly before Hall-Heroult process in 1890 one kilogram was worth of 33 $. (Huge money at that time.) After Pittsburgh Reduction Company started commercial production the price dropped to 1$ per kilogram - less than today's price !
Production of one kilogram of metallic aluminium needs 4 kilograms of bauxite and consumes approx. 15 kilowatts-hours of energy.
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Technically sunlight would be an inorganic material so it would be yes to both.
In general, autotrophs make their own molecules using inorganic materials.
Phototrophs, a subset of autotrophs, use sunlight specifically to make their
organic molecules
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Technically the brewing of beer by ancient civilizations is a synthesis. Making Wine as well. So ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians (as well as many others) synthesized alcohol.
The alchemists, although they had no real chemistry understanding, were also synthesizing some things.
In the 1800's after chemistry as a science of experimentation became more accepted, many substances were synthesized. One of the most notable was in the 1820's when Wohler synthesized urea proving that allorganic chemicals did not have to come from nature. Earlier (date unsure) in the late 1700's/early 1800's Cavendish burned pure hydrogen gas and synthesized water. He did not publicize his findings but later these were repeated by Lavoisierand most give Lavoisier the credit instead of Cavendish. Most don't call this a 'synthesis' but just a proof that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. Bayer made aspirin (and a fortune).
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sir humphrey davy
Hans Christian Oersted is creditied with finding aluminum while others argue it was Friedrich Wholer. It is definitley NOT sir Humphrey Davy. HE however, did find some other elements. hope I helped
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Producing aluminum is basically a two stage process consisting of several intermediate steps. First, using several mechanical and chemical stages, bauxite is refined to recover the aluminapresent using the "Bayer Process" named after Henry Bayer. Do you recognize that name?
Once the alumina - aluminum oxide trihydrate - is recovered, it can be electrolytically reduced (transformed by electrochemical means) into metallic aluminum. The following are important dates in the history of the discovery of aluminum and in the progress of our knowledge and use of this important metal we depend on every day.
- 1808: Sir Humphrey Davy (Britain) discovered the existence of the shiny metal we are so dependent on today and gave it a name - Aluminum.
- 1821: P. Berthier (France) discovered a hard, reddish, clay-like material containing 52 per cent aluminum oxide near the village of Les Baux in southern France. He called it bauxite - after the village. Today, we recognize bauxite as the most common ore of aluminum. (Bauxite specimens are available on our specimens page)
- 1825: Hans Christian Oersted (Denmark) produced very small quantities of aluminum metal by mixing dilute potassium amalgam with anhydrous aluminum chloride. When the two were allowed to react chemically, a residue of slightly impure aluminum was produced.
- 1827: Freidrich Wohler (Germany) developed a method for producing aluminum powder through a chemical reaction between potassium and anhydrous aluminum chloride.
- 1845: Wohler determined the specific gravity of aluminum (2.7) which illustrated one of its unquie physical properties - it was extremely light in weight compared to most metals known at the time.
- 1854: Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (France) create the first commercial process for producing aluminum which - at that time - was more valuable than gold.
- 1855: A bar of aluminum was exhibited alongside the Crown Jewels at the Paris Exhibition.
- 1885: Hamilton Y. Cassner (USA) improved on Deville's process for producing aluminum and 15 tons were produced that year!
- 1886: Two unknown young scientists, Paul Louis Toussaint Heroult (France) and Charles Martin Hall(USA), working separately and unaware of each other's work, simultaneously invented a new electrolytic process (eventually called the Hall-Heroult process) which is the basis for all aluminum production today. They discovered that if they dissolved aluminum oxide (alumina) in a bath of molten cryolite and passed a powerful electric current through it, molten aluminum would be deposited at the bottom.
- 1888: The first aluminum companies were founded in France, Switzerland and the USA
- 1889: Freidrich Bayer (Austria), son of the founder of the Bayer chemical company, invented the Bayer Process for the large scale production of alumina from bauxite.
Page last updated 05/16/99
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- green bean
- pre-teen
- high school dean
- blue-green
- blue-jean
- prom queen
Lean,bean,machine,queen,green,jean,clean,dean,gene,seen,teen,spleen,screen,scene,m-ean,between,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,unseen,hall-oween,submarine,trampoline,wolverine,aquamarine, and routine.
Thats a lot!
How about Moonbeam? :-)
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The cast of Brass Target - 1978 includes: Peter Armstrong as Sgt. Leary Heinz Bennent as Kasten Birgit Bergen as Woman in Train Ed Bishop as Col. Stewart Hildegard Busse as DP Woman Claudia Butenuth as Hilde John Cassavetes as Maj. Joe De Lucca Bob Cunningham as Gen. Stackwood Bruce Davison as Col. Robert Dawson Lynn Ferren as WAC CID Agent Hal Galili as Capt. Levy Brad Harris as Lt. Rowan Edward Herrmann as Col. Walter Gilchrist Wolfgang Hiller as Cable Clerk Bernard Horsfall as Shelley Jimmy Jackson as Piano Player John Junkin as Carberry George Kennedy as Gen. George S. Patton Dietrich Kerky as DP Camp Commandant Richard Kley as Heinz - the Butler Ray Le Clair as Lt. Lane Sophia Loren as Mara Drew Lucas as Duty Sergeant Patrick McGoohan as Col. Mike McCauley Lee Montague as Lucky Luciano Reinhold Olszewski as Gen. Ostranov Yulian Panich as Russian Officer Osman Ragheb as Herr Wohler Marshall Reynor as MP Captain Sigfrit Steiner as Herr Schroeder Alan Tilvern as Frank Ferraro Robert Vaughn as Col. Donald Rogers Max von Sydow as Shelley Martin Webber Sissy Weiner as Waitress Ernst Zeiner as Band Leader
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Osman Ragheb has: Played Hotel clerk in "A Gift for Heidi" in 1958. Played Franz - the Bartender in "Die Nackte und der Satan" in 1959. Played Li Fang in "Der Satan lockt mit Liebe" in 1960. Played Prince Hans in "The Magic Fountain" in 1961. Played Abdullah in "Schneewittchen und die sieben Gaukler" in 1962. Performed in "Der schwarze Panther von Ratana" in 1963. Played Hadschi Halef Omar in "Mit Karl May im Orient" in 1963. Played Mustapha in "Das Kriminalmuseum" in 1963. Performed in "Gewagtes Spiel" in 1964. Played Ma Hamid in "Der Nachtkurier meldet..." in 1964. Performed in "Das heilige Experiment" in 1966. Played Brunner in "I Deal in Danger" in 1966. Played Brunner in "Blue Light" in 1966. Played Bernard Zahir in "Graf Yoster gibt sich die Ehre" in 1967. Played Der Schah in "Die Geschichte der 1002. Nacht" in 1969. Performed in "Michael Kohlhaas - Der Rebell" in 1969. Played Pierre in "Salto mortale" in 1969. Played Prime Minister Sedki in "21 Hours at Munich" in 1976. Played Post Office Clerk in "Despair" in 1978. Played Levin in "Holocaust" in 1978. Played Herr Wohler in "Brass Target" in 1978. Played Swiss TV Newscaster in "Meteor" in 1979. Played Security Agent in "Avalanche Express" in 1979. Performed in "Car-Napping - Bestellt, geklaut, geliefert" in 1980. Performed in "The American Success Company" in 1980. Played CIA Telephone Technician in "Hopscotch" in 1980. Played Store Supervisor in "Night Crossing" in 1982. Played SS Officer Klowno in "The Winds of War" in 1983. Played Hans Wittenhagen in "Forbidden" in 1984. Played Barz in "Parker" in 1985. Played Scheich Al-Atassi in "Killing Cars" in 1986. Performed in "Anna" in 1987. Played Narrator in "Eye of the Dictator" in 1988. Played Theresienstadt Prominent in "War and Remembrance" in 1988. Played Deutschlehrer in "Bodo - Eine ganz normale Familie" in 1989. Performed in "Die schnelle Gerdi" in 1989. Performed in "Le grand secret" in 1989. Performed in "Dr. M" in 1990. Performed in "Die Abenteuer von Pico und Columbus" in 1992. Performed in "Miracle Baby oder Das Ende der Fortpflanzung, wie wir sie kennen" in 1998. Played Hausarzt in "Sterne leuchten auch am Tag" in 2004. Played Georges Clemeceau in "Der Gewaltfrieden" in 2010. Performed in "Habermann" in 2010.
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Aluminum or Aluminium
Atomic Number: 13
Symbol: Al
Atomic Weight: 26.981539
Discovery: Hans Christian Oersted (1825, Denmark), Wohler (1827)
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p1
Word Origin: Latin alumen: alum, an astringent and dyeing mordant
Note on Naming: Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name aluminum for the metal, however, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements. This spelling is in use in most countries. Aluminium was also the spelling in the U.S. until 1925, when the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum instead.
Properties: Aluminum has a melting point of 660.37°C, boiling point of 2467°C, specific gravity of 2.6989 (20°C), and valence of 3. Pure aluminum is a silvery-white metal. It is soft, light, relatively nontoxic, with a high thermal conductivity, and high corrosion resistance. It can be easily formed, machined, or cast. Aluminum is nonmagnetic and nonsparking. It is second among metals in terms of malleability and sixth in ductility. Aluminum coatings are highly reflective of both visible and radiant heat. The coatings form a thin layer of protective oxide and do not deteriorate like silver coatings.
Uses: Ancient Greeks and Romans used alum as an astringent, for medicinal purposes, and as a mordant in dyeing. It is used in kitchen utensils, exterior decorations, and thousands of industrial applications. Although the electrical conductivity of aluminum is only about 60% that of copper per area of cross section, aluminum is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. The alloys of aluminum are used in the construction of aircraft and rockets. Reflective aluminum coatings are used for telescope mirrors, making decorative paper, packaging, and many other uses. Alumina is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and sapphire have applications in producing coherent light for lasers.
Sources: Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust (8.1%), although it is not found free in nature. In 1886, Hall in the United States and Heroult in France discovered how to obtain aluminum metal from electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite. Cryolite is an aluminum ore, although it is has been replaced for commercial aluminum purification by an artificial mixture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides. The Bayer process is commonly used to refine the impure hydrated oxide ore, bauxite, for use in the Hall-Heroult refining process. Aluminum also can be produced from clay, although this is not the most economically feasible method at present. In addition to cryolite and bauxite, aluminum is found in feldspars, granite, and many other common minerals. The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby, sapphire, emery, and corundum.
Element Classification: Metal
Density (g/cc): 2.6989
Appearance: soft, lightweight, silvery-white metal
Atomic Radius (pm): 143
Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 10.0
Covalent Radius (pm): 118
Ionic Radius: 51 (+3e)
Specific Heat (@20°C J/g mol): 0.900
Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 10.75
Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 284.1
Debye Temperature (K): 394.00
Pauling Negativity Number: 1.61
First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 577.2
Oxidation States: 3
Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic
Lattice Constant (Å): 4.050
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Vital Force Theoryis a theory made by the Swedish chemist BERZELLIUS in 1815, who put forward this theory that, organic compounds could be produced only under the influence of some mysterious force existing in living organisms. This mysterious force was called vital force. Since such mysterious force cannot be created artificially, it is impossible to synthesize organic compounds in the laboratory. This theory resigned supreme for a number of years. It gave serious set back to progress of organic chemistry. So, chemistry could not flourish for a long time.
FAILURE OF VITAL FORCE THEORY:
Vital force theory has been failed because a number of organic compounds can be prepared by inorganic or non-living stuff.
FREDRICK WHOLER, a German chemist was the first person who, in 1828 synthesized an organic substance UREA by using inorganic substances. It was previously obtained from urine of animals. He obtained urea while evaporating an aqueous solution of Ammonium Cyanate (obtained by double decomposition of ammonium chloride and potassium cyanate) on boiling with water.
(Both of the following reactions are carried out in the presence of heat)
NH4Cl (s) + KCNO (s) ----------> NH4CNO (s) + KCl (s)
NH4CNO (s) ------------> H2N-CO-NH2 (s)
Urea (H2N-CO-NH2)
This synthesis gave death blow to Vital Force Theory, thereafter thousands and thousands of organic compounds have been synthesized in the laboratory. With the down fall of Vital Force Theory, the term organic (pertaining to life) lost its original significance. However, it was shown that all organic compounds, whether natural or synthetic, essentially contain carbon and hydrogen and occasionally a few other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur phosphorous and halogens.
Organic compounds are now known as the compounds of carbon. Along with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are also usually found, whereas nitrogen, the halogens, phosphorous and sulphur are sometimes present.
The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of organic compounds is called organic chemistry.
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- Marie Curie (Poland/France) - discovered radium and polonium.
- Dmitri Mendeleev (Russia) - developed the periodic table of elements.
- Linus Pauling (USA) - determined the nature of chemical bonds.
- Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand) - discovered the concept of atomic nucleus.
- Ida Noddack (Germany) - proposed the concept of nuclear fission.
- Ahmed Zewail (Egypt) - pioneered femtochemistry.
- Gilbert Lewis (USA) - introduced the concept of electron pairs.
- Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Germany) - researched genetic control of embryonic development.
- George Olah (Hungary/USA) - developed the field of carbocation chemistry.
- Benjamin S. Hsiao (Taiwan/USA) - made significant contributions to polymer chemistry.
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The discovery of metal dates back to around 6000 BC in ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia and Egypt. It was likely discovered through the process of smelting copper ores, where heat was used to extract the metal from its ore. This discovery revolutionized human societies by enabling advancements in tools, weapons, and technology.
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Mike Kellin has: Performed in "Kraft Television Theatre" in 1947. Played Seymour in "Kraft Television Theatre" in 1947. Played Bundy in "Studio One" in 1948. Played himself in "Toast of the Town" in 1948. Played Policeman in "Suspense" in 1949. Played Herr Wohler in "Suspense" in 1949. Played Jimmy in "Man Against Crime" in 1949. Played George in "Lux Video Theatre" in 1950. Played Tuttle in "Lux Video Theatre" in 1950. Played Eddie Stork in "Lux Video Theatre" in 1950. Played Sgt. McVey in "At War with the Army" in 1950. Played Carousel Operator in "So Young So Bad" in 1950. Played Two Times in "Lux Video Theatre" in 1950. Performed in "Robert Montgomery Presents" in 1950. Played Domiano in "Goodyear Television Playhouse" in 1951. Performed in "Goodyear Television Playhouse" in 1951. Played Attendant in "Mister Peepers" in 1952. Played Harry M. Lautenschlager in "Mister Peepers" in 1952. Played Edward Barnes in "Mister Peepers" in 1952. Played Dicer in "Hurricane Smith" in 1952. Played Rusty in "Bonino" in 1953. Played Doctor in "The United States Steel Hour" in 1953. Played Captain Iquerra in "The United States Steel Hour" in 1953. Performed in "The United States Steel Hour" in 1953. Played Barrow in "Inner Sanctum" in 1954. Played Chad Timpson in "Gunsmoke" in 1955. Played Fugitive Thug in "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" in 1955. Played Mr. Durando in "Stanley" in 1956. Played Logan Adcock in "Have Gun - Will Travel" in 1957. Played Sgt. Major Siebert in "Have Gun - Will Travel" in 1957. Played Harry in "Decoy" in 1957. Played Alvah Brent in "Have Gun - Will Travel" in 1957. Played Faivel Melamed in "Have Gun - Will Travel" in 1957. Performed in "Rendezvous" in 1957. Played Len Sommers in "The Rifleman" in 1958. Played Anton in "Naked City" in 1958. Played Frank Goldsmith in "Lonelyhearts" in 1958. Played Louis Wystemski in "Naked City" in 1958. Played Mart in "Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse" in 1958. Played Billy Ketch in "Naked City" in 1958. Played Ajax in "Play of the Week" in 1959. Played Larry Maddox in "Tightrope" in 1959. Played Mickey Hogan in "Adventures in Paradise" in 1959. Performed in "Play of the Week" in 1959. Played Mig Torrance in "The Untouchables" in 1959. Played Hatam in "Adventures in Paradise" in 1959. Played Pancho Gil in "The Wonderful Country" in 1959. Played Scott Fenwick in "Johnny Staccato" in 1959. Played Abe Garfinkel in "The Untouchables" in 1959. Played Lou Mungo in "The Untouchables" in 1959. Played Chief Bell in "The Twilight Zone" in 1959. Played Ulzana in "Black Saddle" in 1959. Played Vassily in "Rawhide" in 1959. Played Markham in "The Islanders" in 1960. Played Bates in "Outlaws" in 1960. Played Art Hannibal in "Route 66" in 1960. Played Lieutenant Calder in "Route 66" in 1960. Played Prince in "The Mountain Road" in 1960. Played Chief Mate Jack MacCarthy in "The Wackiest Ship in the Army" in 1960. Played Moran in "The New Breed" in 1961. Played Harold Brickman in "The Defenders" in 1961. Played Clifford Thompson in "The Great Impostor" in 1961. Played Artie Simmons in "87th Precinct" in 1961. Played Kenneth in "Ben Casey" in 1961. Played Dr. Larry Phelen in "Dr. Kildare" in 1961. Played Pvt. Kolinsky in "Hell Is for Heroes" in 1962. Played Parker in "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour" in 1962. Played Lester Lewin in "Mr. Novak" in 1963. Played Cohen in "Mr. Novak" in 1963. Played Mileski in "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre" in 1963. Played Kilgas in "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre" in 1963. Played Joe Bruno in "Grindl" in 1963. Played Steban in "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" in 1964. Played Blind Union Vet in "Invitation to a Gunfighter" in 1964. Played Myko in "Lost in Space" in 1965. Played CPO Willie Miller in "The Wackiest Ship in the Army" in 1965. Played C.P.O. Willie Miller in "The Wackiest Ship in the Army" in 1965. Played Chief Miller in "The Wackiest Ship in the Army" in 1965. Played Harry Purvis in "The Incident" in 1967. Played Dellavaca in "Ironside" in 1967. Played Harry Kalielle in "Banning" in 1967. Played Julian Soshnick in "The Boston Strangler" in 1968. Played Bugsy in "Riot" in 1969. Performed in "The Maltese Bippy" in 1969. Played The Derelict in "Cover Me Babe" in 1970. Played Dr. Margolin in "The People Next Door" in 1970. Played Prof. Duke in "The Bold Ones: The Senator" in 1970. Played Bogey in "The Phynx" in 1970. Played Bummie Fencel in "All in the Family" in 1971. Played Sam in "Great Performances" in 1971. Played Mike Keller in "The Catcher" in 1972. Played Gus in "Assignment: Munich" in 1972. Played Frank Conforti in "Kojak" in 1973. Played Pillo in "The Connection" in 1973. Played Aram Bessoyggian in "Nightside" in 1973. Played Lt. Rosen in "Freebie and the Bean" in 1974. Played Boris in "The Last Porno Flick" in 1974. Played Al Mitchell in "Barney Miller" in 1974. Played Kore in "The Art of Crime" in 1975. Played Fred in "Switch" in 1975. Played Al Grossman in "Starsky and Hutch" in 1975. Played Mancuso in "The Tenth Level" in 1976. Played Deputy Commissioner in "God Told Me To" in 1976. Played Ben Lapinsky in "Next Stop, Greenwich Village" in 1976. Played Morris Blackman in "Seventh Avenue" in 1977. Played Abe in "Girlfriends" in 1978. Played Red in "On the Yard" in 1978. Played Mr. Hayes in "Midnight Express" in 1978. Played John Stockton in "Galactica 1980" in 1980. Played Leo in "The Jazz Singer" in 1980. Played Stern in "Flamingo Road" in 1980. Played Andre Gromyko in "F.D.R.: The Last Year" in 1980. Played Stockton in "Galactica 1980" in 1980. Played Sam Schlotzman in "So Fine" in 1981. Played Robert Whitmore in "Fitz and Bones" in 1981. Played Tour Guide in "Paternity" in 1981. Played Ty in "Just Before Dawn" in 1981. Played King Lear in "The Tragedy of King Lear" in 1982. Played Sid Berman in "Echoes" in 1982. Played Roger Whitmore in "Terror at Alcatraz" in 1982. Played Mel in "Sleepaway Camp" in 1983. Played Mel Costic in "Sleepaway Camp IV: The Survivor" in 2012.
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE
Ancient Greek Science
The Ancient Greeks were the first scientists. Greek philosophers tried to explain what the world is made of and how it works. Empedocles (c. 494-434 BC) said that the world is made of four elements, earth, fire, water and air. Aristotle (384-322 BC) accepted the theory of the four elements. However he also believed that the Sun, Moon and planets are made of a fifth element and are unchanging. Aristotle also studied zoology and attempted to classify animals.
Aristotle also believed the body was made up of four humours or liquids (corresponding to the four elements). They were phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile. If a person had too much of one humour they fell ill.
Although some of their ideas were wrong the Greeks did make some scientific discoveries. A Greek named Aristarchros believed the Earth revolved around the Sun. Unfortunately his theory was not accepted. However Eratosthenes (c.276-194 BC) calculated the circumference of the Earth.
Arab Science
Science flourished among the Arabs. Among their greatest scientists was a mathematician called al-Khwarizmi (790-850), the philosopher al-Kindi (801-866) and the astronomer al-Farghani. Their two greatest doctors were al-Razi (824-925) and Ibn-Sina (980-1037).
Another great Arab scientist was the astronomer al-Sufi (903-986). Another scholar named al-Haytham (965-1040) realised that light is reflected off objects into the eye. He also discovered that light travels in straight lines.
The Scientific Revolution
In the 2nd century AD an astronomer called Ptolemy stated that the Earth is the centre of the universe. The sun and the other planets orbit the Earth. In the 16th century a Polish clergyman called Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) realised this is untrue. The Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. However his theory was not published until just before his death.
Another great astronomer of the 16th century was Tycho Brahe (1546-1601). He made accurate observations of the positions of stars. However Brahe did not accept the Copernican theory. Instead he believed that the Sun revolved around the Earth and the other planets revolved around the Sun.
Moreover in 1572 Brahe saw a new star (a nova). The Greek philosopher Aristotle said the heavens were unchanging. Change and decay, he said, only happened on Earth. Obviously Aristotle was wrong.
He was followed by Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). In the 16th century people believed that the planets move in circles. Kepler showed they orbit the Sun in ellipses and they move faster as they approach the Sun. Kepler published two laws of planetary motion in 1609. He published a third in 1619. Furthermore in 1604 Kepler published a book on Optics.
The Advance of Medicine
At this time doctors made great progress in understanding how the human body works. In 1628 William Harvey published his discovery of how blood circulates around the body. The Roman writer Galen said that blood passes from one side of the heart to the other through the septum. However by 1555 the great surgeon Vesalius had reached the conclusion that no such holes exist and that blood cannot pass from one side of the heart to the other in that way.
In 1559 a man named Realdo Colombo demonstrated that blood actually travels from one side of the heart to the other through the lungs.
Eventually William Harvey realised that the heart is a pump. Each time it contracts it pumps out blood. Harvey then estimated how much blood was being pumped each time.
The Roman writer Galen believed that the body constantly makes new blood and uses up the old (rather like an engine using up petrol). However Harvey realised this is not true. Instead the blood circulates around the body.
In the 17th century medicine was still handicapped by wrong ideas about the human body. Most doctors still thought that there were four fluids or 'humours' in the body, blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Illness resulted when you had too much of one humour. Nevertheless during the 17th century a more scientific approach to medicine emerged and some doctors began to question traditional ideas.
17th century
In the 17th century medicine was helped by the microscope (invented at the end of the 16th century). In 1658 Jan Swammerdan first observed red blood corpuscles. In 1661 Marcello Malpighi discovered capilliaries. Then in 1665 Robert Hooke was the first person to describe cells in his book Micrographia.
Many other scientists worked in the late 17th century. Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) discovered Titan, the moon of Saturn. In 1656 he made the first pendulum clock, which made accurate measurement of time possible.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) made his own microscopes and through them he made many observations.
Meanwhile in 1661 Robert Boyle (1627-1691) published the Sceptical Chemist, which laid the foundations of modern chemistry. Boyle rejected the Greek thinker Aristotle's idea that the world is made up of four elements, water, earth, fire and air. Boyle is also famous for Boyle's law (The volume of a gas kept at constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure).
During the 18th century chemistry made great advances. In 1751 Axel Cronstedt discovered nickel. In 1766 Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) isolated hydrogen and studied its properties. (He also calculated the density of the Earth). In 1772 Daniel Rutherford (1749-1819) discovered Nitrogen. Two men, Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) and Karl Scheele (1742-1786) discovered oxygen. In 1756 Joseph Black (1728-1799) discovered carbon dioxide.
Perhaps the greatest chemist of the 18th century was Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794). He discovered that during combustion oxygen combines with substances. He also discovered the role of oxygen in respiration and corrosion of metals.
Meanwhile during the 18th century people began to realised that the Earth is very old. A landmark in geology came in 1785 when James Hutton (1726-1797) published his book Theory of the Earth.
In 1781 the astronomer William Herschel (1738-1822) discovered the planet Uranus. In 1784 John Goodricke (1764-1786) discovered variable stars.
Two great biologists of the 18th century were Georges Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) and Karl Linnaeus (1707-1778). Linnaeus invented a method classifying living things.
Meanwhile people began to investigate electricity. In 1746 Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692-1761) invented a way of storing electricity called a leiden Jar. In 1752 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) proved that lighting is a form of electricity.
Then in 1800 Allessandro Volta (1745-1827) invented the first battery.
However during the 18th century medicine made slow progress. Doctors still did not know what caused disease. Some continued to believe in the four humours (although this theory declined during the 18th century). Other doctors thought disease was caused by 'miasmas' (odourless gases in the air).
Science in the 19th Century
During the 19th century science made great progress.
John Dalton (1766-1844) published his atomic theory in 1803. According to the theory matter is made of tiny, indivisible particles. Dalton also said that atoms of different elements had different weight. Dalton also studied colour blindness.
In 1827 the German chemist Friedrich Wohler (1800-1882) isolated aluminum. In 1828 he produced urea, an organic compound from inorganic chemicals.
A Russian, Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated the Periodic Table, which arranged all the known elements according to their atomic weight.
Meanwhile people continued to master electricity. In 1819 a Dane, Hans Christian Oersted discovered that electric current in a wire caused a nearby compass needle to move. The Englishman Michael Faraday (1791-1867) showed that a magnet can produce electricity.
In 1847 the German Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) formulated the law of the Conservation of Energy, which states that energy is never lost but just changes from one form to another. In 1851 he invented the ophthalmoscope.
Meanwhile geology made huge strides. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) saw that rocks were formed by processes we see today. In 1830 he published his book Principles of Geology. In 1837 a Swiss, Louis Agassiz (1807-1873) realised that a vast sheet of ice had once covered northern Europe. Furthermore scientists discovered more and more fossils and the word Dinosaur was coined in 1842.
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organic chemistry- the study of carbon and its compounds
inorganic chemistry-the study of all the properties and characteristics of other elements.
analytical chemistry-the analysis and identification of substance
physical chemistry-the study of laws and principles govering physical and chemical changes
biochemistry-the study of materials found in living organism
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Chemistry originated from natural philosophy in the ancient world, particularly in civilizations like Egypt and Mesopotamia. The study of chemistry as a separate science began to emerge during the Islamic Golden Age in the Middle East, and it further developed during the Renaissance in Europe with the contributions of alchemists and early chemists.
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