In the Leni Lenape (Unami) language a wildcat is nianqueor tsciiinque.

A domesticated animal such as a pet dog or cat is allum.

A cat in general is pushis (plural pushisak)

A pole cat is schkaa'k.

The following were the three main Delaware tribes in New Jersey:

* The Unami (Lenape) tribe * The Minisink (Munsee) tribe * The Unalachtigo tribe For the source and more detailed information concerning this subject, click on the related links section indicated below.

== == Interesting question -- MSG itself is flavorless; it merely enhances the flavors in other ingredients. As such, the simplest answer to this question is... salt. Salt also has no flavor, per se, and "wakes up" your taste buds so that they experience more of the food's flavor. There are also companies that produce substitutions (see http://www.newstarget.com/021518.html) but nothing particularly popular. Depending on the recipe, salty additives like soy sauce (make sure it's MSG-free, which it often isn't), Worcestershire sauce, etc., can help.

When added to almost to any food, MSG is not flavorless. The Japansese have found a new sense of taste called unami, and MSG will often enhance food by adding this meaty flavor to it. So use meat bases if you want to achieve a similar result.

MSG is Mono-Sodium-Glutamate, usually produced commercially by bacteria. It is converted by saliva to Sodium, (Table Salt) and Glutamate, the anionic form of Glutamic acid. Aside from the flavour enhancement of the Sodium, it is the Glutamate that gives the Unami taste provided by MSG. By itself it has a subtle salty,savoury taste, that is only fully registered when combined with other food. Unami is a true taste registered by the tongue, not a flavour. As a taste unami is best described as savoury or meaty.

Glutamate and Glutamic acid are naturally occurring amino acids present in a large range of foods. It is free Glutamate that provides the unami taste They are most concentrated in sharp cheeses (like Parmesan), yeast and yeast extracts, anchovies, fermented fish sauce (and hence Worcestershire sauce), fermented bean products (hence soy sauce), sea-weed/vegtables and savory mushrooms (like Shiitaki). Tomatoes also contain reasonable amounts, which in the quantities of a tomato sauce, have a strong unami taste.

All meat products will have some unami taste because of their high protein content. As an all-purpose substitute, fermented fish sauce is the best substitute. In the small quantities needed as a flavour enhancer it contributes little extra flavour to a dish other than the desired unami taste. It also contributes salt to the dish. Worcestershire sauce does much the same with a more complex flavour.

Soy sauce is best for Asian dishes.

Parmesan cheese for pastas and other Italian/Western cooking.

Tomato and Shiitaki mushrooms can play roles although they are not as ubiquitous in use as MSG or its concentrated substitutes.

If you want to avoid adding Glutamate altogether, remembering that it is a part of all proteins in every living cell, both plant and animal, you can focus on the other taste and mouthfeel aspects to mask the lack of unami in your dish. Taste wise you can:

* Add more salt to make you dish saltier. * Add more sugar, honey or caramel etc... to make it sweeter. * Add more lemon or fruit juice, tamarind, vinegar or wine to make it more acidic. * Note: Bitter and alkaline flavours aren't usually desirable but lime juice can give a very nice bitter tang and Bi-Carb Soda is sometimes used in food for its flavour.

Or introduce other mouthfeel elements such as: * Pepper and chilis to add spicy heat * Alcohol (strong spirits) to add warmth * Mint (menthol) to add a cooling sensation

* Szechwan pepper to add a mouth-numbing sensation

No, they are in no way related.

The Iroquois are a confederacy of six tribes: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora. All speak languages belonging to the Iroquoian language family. They lived mainly in upper New York state.

The Leni Lenape, Lenape or Delaware are a large tribal group in Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York state. Sub-tribes include the Unami and Munsee. They spoke a typical Algonquian language and were so important that other Algonquian tribes called them "The Grandfathers".

One modern "expert" has written that the place-name Nescopeck is "An Indian word meaning "black, deep, and still water." Ignoring the impossibly vague term "Indian word", there is no native American language that can express three different concepts (black, deep and still) in such a short word. Another writer claims that it is an Algonquian word for "black spring", which seems far more likely.

Since the place is said to be in north-eastern Pennsylvania the language should be Unami (Lenape). In that language water is mpi and black is sëke or sLike-; clearly neither of these appear in the word nescopeck.

One very archaic Lenape word for a lake is scheyjunuppek, which could comprise two elements (big + pool of water), with -uppek looking very close to -opek. If the nesc- element is similarly archaic and means dark or deep or something of that kind, the word would make sense as "black pool or spring".

There were two main large language families in the Northeast.

Algonquin was one with 13 languages or more depending on how you count and where you draw the borders.

They are:

Eastern Abnaki, Western Abnaki, Etchemin, Munsee, Unami, Nipmuck, Mahican, Malecite-Passamaquoddy, Wampanoag, Mi'kmaq, Narragansett, Mohegan-Pequot, Quiripi-Naugatuck.

The other main family was Iroquoian with about 9 in the Northeast.

They are:

Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, Susquehannock, Wenrohronon, Neutral, Erie, Tuscarora, Laurentia

Some of the ones that are listed as a single language with "dialects" may actually have separate languages as different as English and Dutch or Spanish and Italian.

A language family is a group of related languages, they may not be understandable to each other. For example, English, Russian, Italian and Icelandic and Hindi and Persian are all in one family. Turkish is a different family. Arabic and Hebrew are in another family together.

The word dialect often means it is still understandable and mainly the same language but at other times it is used to refer to completely different languages such as Chinese "dialects" Mandarin and Cantonese.

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraq_orbat_coalition.htm = Iraq Coalition Troops = The size and capabilities of the Coalition forces involved in operations in Iraq has been a subject of much debate, confusion, and at times exageration. As of August 23, 2006, there were 21 non-U.S. military forcescontributing armed forces to the Coalition in Iraq. These 21 countries were: Albania, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, El Salvador, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. However, in the August 23, 2006 Iraq Weekly Status Report (Slide 27) the State Department listed 27 foreign countries as contributing troops to the Coalition in Iraq. The additional four countries were Japan, Portugal, Singapore and the Ukraine. In addition, that same Weekly Status Report listed 34 countries (including the US) as maintaining personnel in Iraq (as part of the Coalition, UNAMI, or NATO). The State Department reported that Fiji was contributing troops though UNAMI and that Hungary, Iceland, Slovenia, and Turkey were assisting with the NATO training mission. However, it is unclear whether Hungary actually maintained any forces in Iraq as part of NATO or UNAMI since its government announced the complete withdrawal of troops in December 2004. In testimony before the Senate Armed Services committee on August 3, 2006, Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld described the coalition in Iraq as composed of 34 allies (plus the US). As of June 13, 2006, MNF-I reported that 27 countries (including the US) maintained responsibility over the six major areas of Iraq. Since that time, Japan has withdrawn all of its forces from Iraq. For the purposes of this tally, only countries that contribute troops as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom are counted. Countries which had troops in or supported operations in Iraq at one point but have pulled out since: Nicaragua (Feb. 2004); Spain (late-Apr. 2004); Dominican Republic (early-May 2004); Honduras(late-May 2004); Philippines (~Jul. 19, 2004); Thailand (late-Aug. 2004); New Zealand (late Sep. 2004); Tonga (mid-Dec. 2004) Portugal (mid-Feb. 2005); The Netherlands (Mar. 2005); Hungary (Mar. 2005); Singapore (Mar. 2005); Norway (Oct. 2005); Ukraine (Dec. 2005); Japan (July 17, 2006); Italy (Nov. 2006); Slovakia (Jan 2007). Countries planning to withdraw from Iraq: Poland had earlier claimed that it would withdraw all soldiers by the end of 2006. It however extended the mandate of its contingent through at least mid-2007. Denmark announced that it would withdraw its troop contingent by August 2007. Countries which have recently reduced or are planning to reduce their troop commitment: South Koreais planning to withdraw up to 1000 soldiers by the end of 2006. Poland withdrew 700 soldiers in Feb. 2005. Between May 2005 and May 2006, the United Kingdom reduced the size of its contingent by 1,300. The United Kingdom also is planning to reduce significantly the size of its contingent by the end of 2007, with an initial reduction of 1,600 troops followed by an additional 500 troops by end of 2007. Countries supporting UNAMI: Fiji (150); Georgia (550) * On March 9, 2007, Georgia's deputy defense minister was reported as saying that Georgia would likely send additional troops to Iraq, possibly for a total contingent size of about 2,400 * On March 4, 2007, Georgia announced that it would increase the size of its contingent of Iraq, then standing at 850. The size of the increase was not reported. * Lithuania was reported to be considering withdrawing its troop contingent of 53 troops from Iraq. * On February 21, 2007, Denmark announced that it would withdraw its 460-strong contingent of troops from southern Iraq by August 2007 * On February 21, 2007, British Prime Minister Tony Blair announced that 600 British troops would return home within the next few months, with another 500 to follow by the end of 2007, leaving approximately 5,000 troops on the ground; from a high of approximately 40,000 troops during the major combat operations phase. * Slovakia's Prime Minister announced in late January 2007, that the country's contingent had effectively been withdrawn from Iraq * Armenia's parliament voted on December 6, 2006, to extend the mandate of its troops contingent in Iraq by an additional 12 months. The contingent was reported to be made up of three staff officers, two military doctors, 10 men making up an engineering unit, in addition to a transport platoon composed of 31 drivers * Georgia, on Nov. 4, 2006, deployed a contingent of 300 servicemen from the 31st Light Infantry Battalion to Iraq as part of a normally scheduled troop rotation. * South Korea announced on November 25, 2006, that the deployment of its contingent of troops to Iraq would be extended for one year, but its size would be reduced. Media reports suggested that it would decrease by approximately 1,200 troops from its current size of ~2,300 as of late-November 2006. * The last contingent of Italian troops in Iraq, numbering between 60 and 70 troops was due to leave the country during the last week of November 2006. * Georgia completed on the rotation of an infantry battalion from Iraq. The battalion returned to Georgia on November 27, 2006. It was replaced in Iraq by the 31st Light Infantry Battalion which left for Iraq on November 4, 2006 with a size of 300 servicemen. Some 850 Georgian troops were reported to be deployed in Iraq. * On November 27, 2006, UK Defence Secretary Des Browne announced that Britain's contribution to operations in Iraq would be significantly reduced by next year's end. * As of November 24, 2006, Australia's Department of Defence reported that it had 1,400 troops taking part in Operation Catalyst. 221 of these were assigned to HMAS Warramunga and Commander Task Force 158. 330 Australian troops were assigned to 2 C-130 Hercules and AP-3C Orion detachments. 518 troops from multiple regiments making up Overwatch Battle Group West Two began deploying in mid-November 2006 to relieve Overwatch Battle Group West One troops stationed in Iraq for 6 months. * Poland, in mid-November 2006, authorized the extension of the deployment of its contingent in Iraq through mid-2007. Poland's President was quoted as saying that the contingent would be fully withdrawn by the end of 2007. * On October 11, 2006, the Mongolian contingent in Iraq held a ceremony to mark the rotation of a new contingent of troops. 100 Mongolian Infntry Company soldiers were reported to be tasked with providing security for Camp Echo and MND CS * On September 2, 2006, Slovakia officially rotated in its 7th contingent of troops into Iraq. That contingent is composed of 103 troops * On August 10, 2006, Lieutenant General Ts. Togoo, Chief of the Generaly Staff of the Mongolian Armed Forces reported that Mongolia would continue to maintain soldiers in Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Mongolia forces will complete their sixth combat rotation on September 26, 2006, and a seventh rotation will take their place. * On July 17, 2006, Japan completed a full withdrawal of armed forces from Iraq. This withdrawal was announced in June 2006. * On June 7, 2006, The Guardian Unlimited reported that Italy would withdraw all forces from Iraq by December 2006. * On May 9, 2006, VOA reported that South Korea was beginning to withdraw some of its force from Iraq. On May 9, 2006, the Korea Times reported that Korea maintained a force of 3,277 soldiers in the Kurdish city of Irbil but would soon be withdrawing 40. Both articles reported that by the end of 2006, South Korea would withdraw a total of approximately 1,000 troops. * On February 22, 2006, the Bulgarian Parliament approved a measure to send a 150-person non-combat contigent to Camp Ashraf on a humanitarian mission designed to oversee control of the camp. On March 29, Bulgaria sent its first contingent to the camp. * In late December 2005, Ukraine completed its withdrawal of troops from Iraq. RFE/RL reported that the withdrawal was almost complete on December 20. * In October 2005, Norway announced that it would begin withdrawing its forces from Iraq. It soon completed a full withdrawal. * In March 2005, the Netherlands completed a full withdrawal of its troops from Iraq. RFE/RL reported on the withdrawal in January. {| ! colspan="6" | Countries Supporting Ops in Iraq

| Country

In Iraq In Theater Total Future 1 United Kingdom ~7,200 1,300 ~8,500 2 South Korea ~2,300 ~2,300 ~1,100 (?) 3 Australia ~850 ~541 ~1,400 4 Poland 900 900 5 Romania 865 865 6 Denmark 460 ~35 (NATO and UNAMI) ~500 7 El Salvador 380 380 8 Georgia 300 550 (UNAMI) 850 ~2,400 (?) 9 Azerbaijan 150 150 10 Bulgaria ~150 ~150 11 Latvia 136 136 12 Albania 120 120 13 Czech Republic 100 100 14 Mongolia 100 100 15 Lithuania ~50 ~50 16 Armenia 46 46 17 Bosnia & Herzegovina 37 37 18 Estonia 34 34 19 Macedonia 33 33 20 Kazakhstan 29 29 21 Moldova* 12 12 ! TOTAL ! nowrap="nowrap" align="middle" | ! nowrap="nowrap" align="middle" | ~14,200 ! nowrap="nowrap" align="middle" | ! align="middle" | ~17,000 ! nowrap="nowrap" align="middle" | | UNAMI Fiji ** 150 150 Hungary *** 0 Withdrew troops: Mar. 2005 Nicaragua 0 Withdrew troops: Feb. 2004 Spain 0 Withdrew troops: Late-Apr. 2004 Dominican Republic 0 Withdrew troops: Early-May. 2004 Honduras 0 Withdrew troops: Late-May. 2004 Philippines 0 Withdrew troops: mid-Jul. 2004 Thailand 0 Withdrew troops: Late-Aug. 2004 New Zealand 0 Withdrew troops: Late-Sep. 2004 Tonga 0 Withdrew troops: mid-Dec. 2004 Portugal 0 Withdrew troops: mid-Feb. 2005 Singapore**** 0 Withdrew troops: Mar. 2005 Norway 0 Withdrew troops: Oct. 2005 Ukraine 0 Withdrew troops: Dec. 2005 The Netherlands 0 Withdrew troops: Mar. 2005 Japan 0 Withdrew troops: Jul. 2006 Italy 0 Withdrawal troops: End of Nov. 2006 Slovakia 0 Withdrew troops: End of January 2007 * A contingent of Moldovan soldiers arrived in Iraq in February 2006 to clear unexploded ordinance. This contingent replaced the third contingent of Moldovan soldiers which had redeployed to Iraq in February 2005. Many media reports regarding Moldova's supposed full withdrawal of troops have failed to mention either the 2005 or 2006 redeployment. ** Fiji's troop contingent is deployed as part of UN Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) *** Was part of NATO Training Force. **** Singapore's token contribution was a landing ship tank deployed to the Persian Gulf which arrived home on March 19, 2005.

Sources: * Media Reports as listed. * Directly contacting the embassies of the respective countries within the United States. * Embassy websites * MNF-I * State Department * CENTCOM |}

{| ! colspan="5" | ! Division ! Brigade ! Battalion ! Personnel ! Equipment ! TOTAL | Light infantry platoon Estpla-13[Estonia] 34 Infantry battalion [Georgia] 300 EOD platoon [Bosnia and Herzegovina] 37 U/I Infantry Company [Azerbaijan] 150 U/I Brigade, Zaitun Division [South Korea] ~2,300 Contingent, Ranger Bn, SOF Unit [Macedonia] 33 ! colspan="5" | Multi-National Division (North) | U/I Unit [Albania] 120 ! colspan="5" | Multi-National Division (South-East) | 20 Armored BDE [UK] 7,200 Joint Task Force [Australia] ~1,400 Multiple Units [Romania] 865 elements, Danish [Dancon/Irak] 515 U/I Military Police Unit [Czech] 100 U/I Unit [Lithuanian] ~50 ! colspan="5" | Multi-National Division (Central South) | 1st Warsaw Division [Poland] 900 U/I Unit [El Salvador] 380 U/i Unit [Bulgaria] ~150 U/I Unit [Latvia] 136 Peacekeeping Operations BN [Mongolia] 100 U/I Engineer Unit [Slovakia] 103 U/I Support Unit [Armenia] 46 U/I Engineer Unit [Kazakhstan] 29 U/I Unit [Moldova] 12 |}

{| ! colspan="5" | UNAMI - UN Assistance Mission in Iraq ! Division ! Brigade ! Battalion ! Personnel | 'Shavnabada' BN [Georgia] [UNAMI] 550 U/I Unit [Fiji] 150

Posted by Wayne Gidlof

|}

New York Indian Tribes

Delaware. Bands of two of the main divisions of the Delaware Indians, the Munsee and Unami, extended into parts of New York State, including the island of Manhattan.

Erie. The Erie occupied parts of Chautauqua and Cattaraugus Counties.

There are more, thus read below.

For the source and more detailed information concerning this subject, click on the related links section indicated below.

No, they spoke many thousands of different languages throughout the Americas. Even neighbouring tribes could not understand each other - such as the Comanche and Kiowa, who were allied in the fight against white settlers.

All the member tribes of the Iroquois League spoke entirely different languages, even though they were all classed as "Iroquoian".

This difference in language was no barrier to communication. Some tribespeople married into other tribes and learned their language, becoming effective interpreters. In most of the Americas sign languages developed, such as the Plains sign language which enabled (for example) a Crow warrior to have a long, silent conversation with a Nez Perce warrior, even at a distance from each other. Sign language was designed to work both face-to-face and at 200 yards away.

Many people are confused about the term "Algonquin", which really refers to just one small tribe living along the Ottawa River valley in Canada, where they have always lived and still live today.

The similar word Algonquian refers to a huge family of distantly related languages spoken by many tribes across most of North American, but mainly in the north, around the Great Lakes and in the north-east woodlands and along the eastern seaboard of the USA. This language family gets its name from that small Algonquin tribe, who are used as representative of the whole group.

The Algonquin language is still spoken today thanks to concerted efforts by the tribe itself, supported by the Canadian government; it is very closely related to Ojibwe and Ottawa (two more Algonquian languages).

A few words of the Algonquin language are:

kaagaagiw (raven)

andeg (crow)

miziki or kiniw (eagle)

okad (leg)

odoon (mouth)

onagocag (stars)

nodin (windy)

kiziz (sun)

cigwatik (pine tree)

wabos (rabbit)

nokomis (grandmother)

biibiins (baby)

So, to answer your question, the Algonquin people spoke the Algonquin language; the Algonquian tribes spoke a huge number of related Algonquian languages.

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History of New York City From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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The history of New York, New York begins with the first European documentation of the area by Giovanni da Verrazzano, in command of the French ship, La Dauphine, when he visited the region in 1524. It is believed he sailed in Upper New York Bay where he encountered native Lenape, returned through The Narrows where he anchored the night of April 17, and then left to continue his voyage. He named the area of present-day New York City Nouvelle-Angoulême (New Angoulême) in honor of Francis I of France, King of France and Count of Angoulême.[1]

European settlement began on September 3, 1609 when Englishman Henry Hudson in the employ of the Dutch East India Company sailed the Half Moon through The Narrows into Upper New York Bay. Like Christopher Columbus, Hudson was looking for a westerly passage to Asia. He never found one, but he did make note of the abundant beaver population. Beaver pelts were in fashion in Europe, fueling a lucrative business. Hudson's report on the beaver population of the New York area served as the impetus for the founding of Dutch trading colonies in the New World, among them New Amsterdam, which would become New York City. The beaver's importance in New York City history is reflected by its use on the city's official seal.

The area around New York City was the location for multiple battles of the American Revolutionary War, including the largest battle of the war: the Battle of Brooklyn. The British won and went on to occupy the city from September 1776 to late 1783. George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States on April 30, 1789 in front of Federal Hall and the city served as the capital of the United States until 1790.

Modern New York City traces its development to the consolidation of the five boroughs in 1898 and an economic and building boom following the Great Depression and World War II. Throughout its history, New York City has served as a main port of entry for many immigrants, and its cultural and economic influences have made it one of the most important urban areas in the United States, and the world.History of New York City

Periods

Lenape and New Netherland

New Amsterdam

British and Revolution

Federal and early American

Tammany and Consolidation

Early 20th century

Post-World War II

Modern and post-9/11

[show]City of New York

Population by year [2][3][4]16561,00016906,000179033,131180060,515181096,3731820123,7061830202,5891840312,7101850515,5471860813,6691870942,29218801,206,29918901,515,30119003,437,20219104,766,88319205,620,04819306,930,44619407,454,99519507,891,95719607,781,98419707,894,86219807,071,63919907,322,56420008,008,278Including the "outer

boroughs" before the

1898 consolidation179049,000180079,2001830242,3001850696,10018801,912,000

• 1 Lenape and New Netherland: prehistory - 1664
• 2 British and revolution: 1664-1783
• 3 Federal and early America: 1784-1854
• 4 Tammany and consolidation: 1855-1897
• 5 Early 20th century: 1898-1945
• 6 Post-World War II: 1946-1977
• 7 Modern period: 1978-present
• 8 See also
• 9 References
• 10 Further reading
• 11 Further Viewing
• 12 External links

Peter Stuyvesant

The area that would eventually encompass modern day New York City was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically identical Native Americans traditionally spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami. Early European settlers would refer to bands of Lenape by the Unami place name for where they lived, such as: "Raritan" in what is now called Staten Island and New Jersey, "Canarsee" in what is now known as Brooklyn, and "Hackensack" in modern New Jersey across the Hudson River from current-day Lower Manhattan. Eastern Long Island neighbors were culturally and linguistically more closely related to the Mohegan-Pequot peoples of what is now known as New England who spoke the Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett language.

These peoples all made use of the abundant waterways in the New York City region for fishing, hunting trips, trade amongst themselves, and occasionally war. A reminder of their presence in the New York City region is evidenced by various place names such as Raritan Bay and Canarsie, Brooklyn. Many former paths created by indigenes are today main thouroughfares such as Broadway in Manhattan.[5] The Lenape developed sophisticated techniques of hunting and managing their resources. By the time of the arrival of Europeans, they were cultivating fields of vegetation through the slash and burn technique, which extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bay.[6] It has been estimated that at the time of European settlement there were approximately 15,000 Lenape total in approximately 80 settlement sites around the region.[7] European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement in Lower Manhattan in 1613 later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam) in the southern tip of Manhattan in 1625.[8] Soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began.[8]

Willem Kieft became director general in 1638, but five years later was embroiled in Kieft's War against the Native Americans. The Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present day Jersey City resulted in the death of eighty natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, eleven Algonquian tribes joined forces[clarification needed] and nearly defeated the Dutch. Holland sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans, and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645.[9]

On May 27, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival, and ruled as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. The colony was granted self-government in 1652 and New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city February 2, 1653.[10]

In 1664, the English conquered the area and renamed it "New York" after the Duke of York and Albany.[11] The Dutch briefly regained it in 1673, renaming the city "New Orange", before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to the English for what is now Suriname in November 1674. Some area names are still reminiscent of the Dutch period, most notably Flushing (Dutch town of Vlissingen), Harlem (Dutch town of Haarlem) and Brooklyn (Dutch town of Breukelen).

By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200.[12]

The new English rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the settlement New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy. In the context of the Glorious Revolution in England, Jacob Leisler led Leisler's Rebellion and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689-1691, before being arrested and executed.

The 1735 libel trial of John Peter Zenger in the city was a seminal influence on freedom of the press in North America. New Amsterdam in 1664

View of New York harbor, ca. 1770

After a series of fires in 1741, the city became panicked about an African-American plot to burn the city, conspiring with some whites. This was mostly a fabrication. Nevertheless, 31 blacks and 4 whites were convicted of arson; 13 blacks were burned alive, 4 whites and 18 blacks were hanged.[13]Further information: New York Conspiracy of 1741

In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as King's College in Lower Manhattan.[14]

The Stamp Act and other British measures fomented dissent, particularly among Sons of Liberty who maintained a long-running skirmish with locally stationed British troops over Liberty Poles from 1766 to 1776. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British authority across the colonies. After the major defeat of the Continental Army in the Battle of Long Island, General George Washington withdrew to Manhattan Island, but with the subsequent defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington the island was effectively left to the British. New York City was greatly damaged twice by fires of suspicious origin during British military rule. The city became the political and military center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war, and a haven for Loyalist refugees. Continental Army officer Nathan Hale was hanged in Manhattan for espionage. In addition, the British began to hold the majority of captured American prisoners of war aboard prison ships in Wallabout Bay, across the East River in Brooklyn. More Americans lost their lives from neglect aboard these ships than died in all the battles of the war. British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as the last British forces left the city.

In 1785 the Congress met in New York City under the Articles of Confederation. Later, New York City was made the first national capital of the United States under the United States Constitution. The United States Constitution also created the current Congress of the United States and the first sitting at Federal Hall on Wall Street. The first steps to expanding the United States: the first United States Supreme Court sat there, the United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified there, and the Northwest Ordinance all took place there.

New York City became the first capital of the newly formed United States on September 13, 1788 under the U.S. Constitutional Convention. On April 30, 1789 the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated at Federal Hall on Wall Street.[15] New York City remained the capital of the U.S. until 1790, when the honor was transferred to Philadelphia.

New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury and, later, with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior.[16][17] Immigration resumed after being slowed by wars in Europe, and a new street grid system expanded to encompass all of Manhattan.

The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1850, the Irish comprised one quarter of the city's population.[18] Government institutions, including the New York City Police Department and the public schools, were established in the 1840s and 1850s to respond to growing demands of residents.[19]

Broadway at 42nd St. in 1880.

This period started with the 1855 inauguration of Fernando Wood as the first mayor from Tammany Hall, an Irish immigrant-supported Democratic Party political machine that would dominate local politics throughout this period.[20] During the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration, a visionary development proposal called the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the opening of the Erie Canal, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada in 1825. By 1835, New York City had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States. Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy pressed for a Central Park, which was opened to a design competition in 1857; it would become the first landscape park in an American city.

During the American Civil War (1861-1865), the city's strong commercial ties to the South, its growing immigrant population, and anger about conscription led to divided sympathy for both the Union and Confederacy, culminating in the Draft Riots of 1863.[21] After the Civil War, the rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply, and New York became the first stop for millions seeking a new and better life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886.

Main article: History of New York City (1898-1945)

In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan and outlying areas.[22] Manhattan and the Bronx, though still one county, were established as two separate boroughs and joined together with three other boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties to form the new municipal government originally called "Greater New York". The Borough of Brooklyn incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by the Brooklyn Bridge, and several municipalities in eastern Kings County, New York; the Borough of Queens was created from western Queens County (with the remnant established as Nassau County in 1899); and The Borough of Staten Island contained all of Richmond County. All municipal (county, town and city) governments contained within the boroughs were abolished. In 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx county, making five counties coterminous with the five boroughs.

On June 15, 1904 over 1,000 people, mostly German Immigrants, were killed when the steamship General Slocum caught fire and burned on North Brother Island, in the East River; and on March 25, 1911 the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village took the lives of 146 garment workers, which would eventually lead to great advancements in the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.

Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. Interborough Rapid Transit (the first New York City Subway company) began operating in 1904, and the railroads operating out of Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station thrived.

New York City's ever accelerating changes and rising crime and poverty rates ended when World War I disrupted trade routes, the Immigration Restriction Acts limited additional immigration after the war, and the Great Depression ended the need for new labor. The combination ended the rule of the Gilded Age barons. As the city's demographics stabilized, labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under Fiorello La Guardia, and his controversial parks commissioner, Robert Moses, ended the blight of many tenement areas, expanded new parks, remade streets, and restricted and reorganized zoning controls. The skyscraper epitomized New York's success of the early 20th century; it was home to the tallest building between 1908 and 1974.[23]

In the 1920s, New York City was a major destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South. The Harlem Renaissance flourished during the era of Prohibition, coincident with a larger economic boom that saw the skyline develop with the construction of competing skyscrapers. For a while, New York City became the most populous city in the world, starting in 1925 and overtaking London, which had reigned for a century.[24] The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.[25]

Despite the effects of the Great Depression, the 1930s saw the building of some of the world's tallest skyscrapers, including numerous Art-Deco masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline today. Both before and after World War II, vast areas of the city were also reshaped by the rise of the bridges, parks and parkways coordinated by Moses, the greatest proponent of automobile-centered modernist urbanism in America.

In 1938 the political designation "ward" was abolished.

RMS Queen Mary arriving in New York Harbor with thousands of U.S. troops.

Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom and led to the development of huge housing tracts in eastern Queens. The city was extensively photographed during the post-war years by photographer Todd Webb using a heavy camera and tripod.[26]

New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's ascendancy and, in 1951, the United Nations relocated from its first headquarters in Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, to the East Side of Manhattan.[27] During the 1960s, the views of real estate developer and city leader Robert Moses began to fall out of favor as the anti-Urban Renewal views of Jane Jacobs gained popularity. Citizen rebellion killed a plan to construct an expressway through lower Manhattan.

The transition away from the industrial base toward a service economy picked up speed while the large shipbuilding and garment industries declined sharply. The ports converted to container ships, costing many traditional jobs among longshoremen. Many large corporations moved their headquarters to the suburbs, or to distant cities. However there was enormous growth in services especially finance, education, medicine, tourism, communications and law. New York remained the largest city, and largest metropolitan area, in the United States, and continued as its largest financial, commercial, information, and cultural Center.

Like many major U.S. cities, New York suffered race riots, gang wars and some population decline in the 1960s. Street activists and minority groups like the Black Panthers and Young Lords took matters into their own hands and organized rent strikes and garbage offensives, demanding city services for poor areas. They also set up free health clinics and other programs, as a guide for organizing and gaining "Power to the People." By the 1970s the city had also gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history. In 1975, the city government avoided bankruptcy only through a federal loan and debt restructuring by the Municipal Assistance Corporation, headed by Felix Rohatyn. The city was also forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by an agency of New York State. In 1977, the city was struck by the twin catastrophes of the New York City blackout of 1977 and the Son of Sam serial murderer's continued slayings.

The 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall Street, and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. Unemployment and crime remained high, the latter reaching peak levels in some categories around the close of the decade and the beginning of the 1990s. The city later resumed its social and economic recovery, bolstered by the influx of Asians, Latin Americans, and U.S. citizens, and by new crimefighting techniques on the part of the NYPD. In the late 1990s, the city benefited from the success of the financial sectors, such as Silicon Alley, during the dot com boom, one of the factors in a decade of booming real estate values. New York's population reached an all-time high in the 2000 census; according to census estimates since 2000, the city has continued to grow, including rapid growth in the most urbanized borough, Manhattan. During this period, New York City was also a site of the September 11 attacks; nearly 3,000 people were killed by a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, an event considered highly traumatic for the city but which did not stop the city's rapid regrowth

Native American tribes in the US:

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

A'ananin (Aane), Abenaki (Abnaki, Abanaki, Abenaqui), Absaalooke (Absaroke), Achumawi (Achomawi), Acjachemen, Acoma, Agua Caliente, Adai, Ahtna (Atna), Ajachemen, Akimel O'odham, Akwaala (Akwala), Alabama-Coushatta, Aleut, Alutiiq, Algonquians (Algonkians), Algonquin (Algonkin), Alliklik, Alnobak (Alnôbak, Alnombak), Alsea (Älsé, Alseya), Andaste, Anishinaabe (Anishinabemowin, Anishnabay), Aniyunwiya, Antoniaño, Apache, Apalachee, Applegate, Apsaalooke (Apsaroke), Arapaho (Arapahoe), Arawak, Arikara, Assiniboine, Atakapa, Atikamekw, Atsina, Atsugewi (Atsuke), Araucano (Araucanian), Avoyel (Avoyelles), Ayisiyiniwok, Aymara, Aztec

B

Babine, Bannock, Barbareño, Bari, Bear River, Beaver, Bella Bella, Bella Coola, Beothuks (Betoukuag), Bidai, Biloxi, Black Carib, Blackfoot (Blackfeet), Blood Indians, Bora

C

Caddo (Caddoe), Cahita, Cahto, Cahuilla, Calapooya (Calapuya, Calapooia), Calusa (Caloosa), Carib, Carquin, Carrier, Caska, Catawba, Cathlamet, Cayuga, Cayuse, Celilo, Central Pomo, Chahta, Chalaque, Chappaquiddick (Chappaquiddic, Chappiquidic), Chawchila (Chawchilla), Chehalis, Chelan, Chemehuevi, Cheraw, Cheroenhaka (Cheroenkhaka, Cherokhaka), Cherokee, Chetco, Cheyenne (Cheyanne), Chickamaugan, Chickasaw, Chilcotin, Chilula-Wilkut, Chimariko, Chinook, Chinook Jargon, Chipewyan (Chipewyin), Chippewa, Chitimacha (Chitamacha), Chocheno, Choctaw, Cholon, Chontal de Tabasco (Chontal Maya), Choynimni (Choinimni), Chukchansi, Chumash, Clackamas (Clackama), Clallam, Clatskanie (Clatskanai), Clatsop, Cmique, Coastal Cree, Cochimi, Cochiti, Cocopa (Cocopah), Coeur d'Alene, Cofan, Columbia (Columbian), Colville, Comanche, Comcaac, Comox, Conestoga, Coos (Coosan), Copper River Athabaskan, Coquille, Cora, Coso, Costanoan, Coushatta, Cowichan, Cowlitz, Cree, Creek, Croatan (Croatoan), Crow, Cruzeño, Cuna, Cucupa (Cucapa), Cupeño (Cupa), Cupik (Cu'pik, Cuit)

D

Dakelh, Dakota, Dakubetede, Dawson, Deg Xinag (Deg Hit'an), Delaware, Dena'ina (Denaina), Dene, Dene Suline (Denesuline), Dene Tha, Diegueno, Dine (Dineh), Dogrib, Dohema (Dohma), Dumna, Dunne-za (Dane-zaa, Dunneza),

E

Eastern Inland Cree, Eastern Pomo, Eel River Athabascan, Eenou (Eeyou), Eskimo, Esselen, Etchemin (Etchimin), Euchee, Eudeve (Endeve), Excelen, Eyak

F

Fernandeno (Fernandeño), Flathead Salish, Fox

G

Gabrielino (Gabrieleño), Gae, Gaigwu, Galibi, Galice, Garifuna, Gashowu, Gitxsan (Gitksan), Gosiute (Goshute), Gros Ventre, Guarani, Guarijio (Guarijío), Gulf, Gwich'in (Gwichin, Gwitchin),

H

Haida, Haisla, Halkomelem (Halqomeylem), Hän (Han Hwech'in), Hanis, Hare, Hatteras, Haudenosaunee, Havasupai, Hawaiian, Heiltsuk, Heve, Hiaki, Hichiti (Hitchiti), Hidatsa, Hocak (Ho-Chunk, Hochunk), Holikachuk, Homalco, Hoopa, Hopi, Hopland Pomo, Hualapai, Huelel, Huichol, Huichun, Hupa, Huron

I

Illini (Illiniwek, Illinois), Inca, Ineseño (Inezeño), Ingalik (Ingalit), Innoko, Innu, Inuktitut (Inupiat, Inupiaq, Inupiatun), Iowa-Oto (Ioway), Iroquois Confederacy, Ishak, Isleño, Isleta, Itza Maya (Itzah), Iviatim, Iynu

J

James Bay Cree, Jemez, Juaneno (Juaneño), Juichun

K

Kabinapek, Kainai (Kainaiwa), Kalapuya (Kalapuyan, Kalapooya), Kalina (Kaliña), Kanenavish, Kanien'kehaka (Kanienkehaka), Kalispel, Kansa (Kanza, Kanze), Karankawa, Karkin, Karok (Karuk), Kashaya, Kaska, Kaskaskia, Kathlamet, Kato, Kaw, Kenaitze (Kenai), Keres (Keresan), Kichai, Kickapoo (Kikapu), Kiliwa (Kiliwi), Kiowa, Kiowa Apache, Kitanemuk, Kitsai, Klahoose, Klallam, Klamath-Modoc, Klatskanie (Klatskanai), Klatsop, Klickitat, Koasati, Kolchan, Konkow (Konkau), Konomihu, Kootenai (Ktunaxa, Kutenai), Koso, Koyukon, Kuitsh, Kulanapo (Kulanapan, Kulanapa), Kumeyaay (Kumiai), Kuna, Kupa, Kusan, Kuskokwim, Kutchin (Kootchin), Kwaiailk, Kwakiutl (Kwakwala), Kwalhioqua, Kwantlen, Kwapa (Kwapaw), Kwinault (Kwinayl)

L

Laguna, Lakhota (Lakota), Lakmiak (Lakmayut), Lassik, Laurentian (Lawrencian), Lecesem, Lenape (Lenni Lenape), Lillooet, Lipan Apache, Listiguj (Listuguj), Lnuk (L'nuk, L'nu'k, Lnu), Lokono, Loucheux (Loucheaux), Loup, Lower Chehalis, Lower Coquille, Lower Cowlitz, Lower Tanana, Lower Umpqua, Luckiamute (Lukiamute), Luiseño, Lumbee, Lummi, Lushootseed, Lutuamian

M

Macushi (Macusi), Mahican, Maidu, Maina (Mayna), Makah, Makushi, Maliseet (Maliceet, Malisit, Malisset), Mandan, Mapuche (Mapudungun, Mapudugan), Maricopa, Massachusett (Massachusetts), Massasoit (Massassoit, Mashpee), Mattabesic Mattole, Maumee, Matlatzinca, Mayan, Mayo, Mengwe, Menominee (Menomini), Mescalero-Chiricahua, Meskwaki (Mesquakie), Metis Creole, Miami-Illinois, Miccosukee, Michif, Micmac (Mi'gmaq), Migueleño, Mikasuki, Mi'kmaq (Mikmawisimk), Mingo, Minqua, Minsi, Minto, Miskito (Mosquito), Missouria, Miwok (Miwuk), Mixe, Mixtec (Mixteco, Mixteca), Mobilian Trade Jargon, Modoc, Mohave, Mohawk, Mohegan, Mohican, Mojave, Molale (Molalla, Molala), Monache (Mono), Montagnais, Montauk, Moosehide, Multnomah, Munsee (Munsie, Muncey, Muncie), Muskogee (Muscogee, Mvskoke), Musqueam, Mutsun

N

Nabesna, Nadot'en (Natoot'en, Natut'en), Nahane (Nahani, Nahanne), Nahuat, Nahuatl, Nakoda (Nakota), Nambe, Nanticoke, Nantucket, Narragansett, Naskapi, Nass-Gitxsan, Natchez, Natick, Naugutuck, Navajo (Navaho), Nawat, Nayhiyuwayin, Nde, Nee-me-poo, Nehiyaw (Nehiyawok), Netela, New Blackfoot, Newe, Nez Perce, Niantic, Nicola, Niitsipussin (Niitsitapi), Nimiipuu (Nimi'ipu), Nipmuc, Nisenan (Nishinam), Nisga'a (Nisgaa, Nishga), Nlaka'pamux (Nlakapamux), Nomlaki, Nooksack (Nooksak), Nootka (Nutka), Nootsak, Northeastern Pomo, Northern Carrier, Northern Cheyenne, Nottoway, Nuu-chaa-nulth (Nuuchahnulth), Nuxalk

O

Obispeño, Ocuilteco, Odawa, Ofo, Ogahpah (Ogaxpa), Ohlone, Ojibwa (Ojibway, Ojibwe, Ojibwemowin), Oji-Cree, Okanagan (Okanogan), Okwanuchu, Old Blackfoot, Omaha-Ponca, Oneida, Onondaga, O'ob No'ok (O:b No'ok), O'odham (Oodham), Opata, Osage, Otchipwe, Otoe, Ottawa

P

Pai, Paipai, Paiute, Palaihnihan (Palaihnih, Palahinihan), Palewyami, Palouse, Pamlico, Panamint, Papago-Pima, Pascua Yaqui, Passamaquoddy, Patuxet, Patwin, Paugussett (Paugusset), Pawnee, Peigan, Pend D'Oreille, Penobscot (Pentagoet), Pentlatch (Pentlach), Peoria, Pequot, Picuris, Piegan (Piikani), Pima, Pima Bajo, Pipil, Pit River, Plains Indian Sign Language, Pojoaque, Pomo (Pomoan), Ponca, Poospatuck (Poosepatuk, Poospatuk, Poosepatuck), Popoluca (Popoloca), Potawatomi (Pottawatomie, Potawatomie), Powhatan, Pueblo, Puget Sound Salish, Purisimeño, Putún

Q

Quapaw (Quapa), Quechan, Quechua, Quilcene, Quileute, Quinault, Quinnipiac (Quinnipiack), Quiripi

R

Raramuri, Red Indians, Restigouche, Rumsen, Runasimi

S

Saanich, Sac, Sahaptin, Salhulhtxw, Salinan, Salish, Samish, Sandia, Sanish (Sahnish), San Felipe, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Sanpoil, Santa Ana, Santa Clara, Santiam, Santo Domingo, Saponi, Sarcee (Sarsi), Sastean (Sasta), Satsop, Savannah, Sauk, Saulteaux, Schaghticoke (Scaticook), Sechelt, Secwepemc (Secwepmectsin), Sekani, Selkirk, Seminoles, Seneca, Seri, Serrano, Seshelt, Severn Ojibwe, Shanel, Shasta (Shastan), Shawnee (Shawano), Shinnecock, Shoshone (Shoshoni), Shuar, Shuswap, Siksika (Siksikawa), Siletz, Similkameen, Sinkiuse (Sincayuse), Sinkyone, Sioux, Siuslaw, Skagit, Skicin, S'Klallam, Skokomish, Skraeling, Skwamish, Slavey (Slave, Slavi), Sliammon (Sliamon), Sm'algyax, Snichim, Snohomish, Songish, Sooke, Souriquois (Sourquois), Southeastern Pomo, Southern Paiute, Spokane (Spokan), Squamish, Sqwxwu7mesh, Stadaconan, St'at'imcets (St'at'imc), Stockbridge, Sto:lo, Stoney, Straits Salish, Sugpiaq, Suquamish, Susquehannock, Suwal, Swampy Cree, Swinomish

T

Tabasco Chontal, Tachi (Tache), Taensa, Tahltan, Tagish, Tahcully, Taino, Takelma (Takilma), Takla, Taltushtuntude, Tamyen, Tanacross, Tanaina, Tanana, Tano, Taos, Tarahumara, Tataviam, Tauira (Tawira), Teguime, Tehachapi, Ten'a, Tenino, Tepehuano (Tepecano), Tequistlateco (Tequistlatec), Tesuque, Tetes-de-Boules, Tewa, Thompson, Tigua, Tillamook, Timbisha (Timbasha), Timucua, Tinde, Tinneh, Tiwa, Tjekan, Tlahuica (Tlahura), Tlatskanie (Tlatskanai), Tlatsop, Tlicho Dinne, Tlingit, Tohono O'odham, Tolowa, Tongva, Tonkawa, Towa, Tsalagi (Tsa-la-gi), Tsattine, Tsekani (Tsek'ehne), Tsetsehestahese, Tsetsaut, Tsilhqot'in (Tzilkotin), Tsimshian (Tsimpshian), Tsitsistas, Tsooke, Tsoyaha, Tsuu T'ina (Tsuutina), Tualatin, Tubar (Tubare), Tubatulabal, Takudh, Tulalip, Tumpisa (Tümbisha, Tumbisha), Tunica, Tupi, Tuscarora, Tutchone, Tutelo, Tututni, Tuwa'duqutsid, Twana, Twatwa (Twightwee)

U

Uchi (Uche, Uchee), Ukiah (Ukian, Uki, Ukia), Ukomnom, Umatilla, Unami, Unangan (Unangax), Unkechaug (Unquachog) Upper Chehalis, Upper Chinook, Upper Cowlitz, Upper Tanana, Upper Umpqua, Ute

V

Ventureño, Virginian Algonkin

W

Wailaki (Wailakki), Wailatpu (Waylatpu), Walapai, Walla Walla, Wampano, Wampanoag, Wanapam, Wanki (Wangki), Wappinger, Wappo, Warijio (Warihio, Warijío), Warm Springs, Wasco-Wishram, Washo (Washoe), Wazhazhe, Wea, Wenatchi (Wenatchee), Wendat, Weott, Western Pomo, Whilkut, White Clay People, Wichita (Witchita), Wikchamni, Willapa (Willopah), Winnebago, Wintu (Wintun), Wishram, Witsuwit'en (Witsuwiten), Wiyot (Wi'yot, Wishosk), Wolastoqewi (Wolastoqiyik), Wyandot (Wyandotte)

Y

Yakama (Yakima), Yanesha, Yaquina (Yakonan, Yakon), Yavapai, Yawelmani, Yaqui, Yinka Dene, Yneseño (Ynezeño), Yocot'an, Yokaia (Yakaya), Yokuts (Yokut, Yokutsan), Yoncalla (Yonkalla), Yowlumni, Ysleño, Ysleta del Sur, Yucatec Maya (Yucateco, Yucatan), Yuchi (Yuchee) Yuki (Yukian), Yuma, Yupik (Yu'pik, Yuit), Yurok (Yu'rok)

Z

Zapotec, Zia, Zimshian, Zoque, Zuni
apalachian,cheerokee,mayan,inca Shoshone, Paiute, Chippewa, Cree, Hopi Mattaponi, Pamunkey, Upper Mattaponi,Monacan, Chickahomney Choctaw, Cherokee, Seminole, Creek, Chickasaw == Cherokee, Aluets, Nooksack Indian tribe, Omaha Tribe, Seminole