0
Would you like to take part in a tfp photo shoot for our upcoming project?
1 answer
were is the tfp valve position switch location on a 2001 chevy blazer 4.3 lt modle
1 answer
The cast of TFP - Time for Prints - 2012 includes: Beckie Hodge as Model Luke Newman as Photographer
1 answer
Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is a measure of how efficiently inputs are being used in production. It is significant in modeling because it helps to understand the overall productivity and growth of an economy. TFP impacts the overall outcome of the model by influencing the level of output that can be achieved with a given set of inputs. Higher TFP indicates better efficiency and can lead to increased economic growth and prosperity.
1 answer
TFP (Technical Fibre Products), manufactures and sells insulation to home builders. The company has started to branch out some and produce other building materials.
1 answer
The acronym TFP stands for Total Factor Productivity. It is a measure of how efficiently inputs such as labor and capital are being used in the production process to generate output. TFP is relevant in economic analysis because it helps to assess overall productivity growth and efficiency in an economy, independent of changes in input quantities.
1 answer
TFP, or Time for Print, opportunities in the photography industry allow photographers and models to collaborate on a shoot in exchange for photos instead of payment. These opportunities can help build portfolios and network with other professionals in the industry. Photographers can find TFP work through online platforms, social media, and networking events.
1 answer
A TFP shoot, which stands for "Time for Print" or "Trade for Print," is a collaboration between a photographer and a model where both parties exchange their time and skills without payment. In a TFP shoot, the photographer provides the images to the model for their portfolio in exchange for the model's time and talent.
This differs from other types of photography collaborations, such as paid shoots or collaborations where both parties are paid, as TFP shoots are based on a mutual agreement to exchange services without monetary compensation.
1 answer
TFP, which stands for "Time for Print," is a collaborative arrangement in photography where the photographer and model exchange their time and skills without monetary compensation. This benefits both parties by allowing them to build their portfolios, gain experience, and network within the industry. For photographers, TFP provides the opportunity to experiment with new techniques and styles, while models can expand their range of poses and expressions. Overall, TFP is a valuable tool for aspiring photographers and models to enhance their skills and visibility in the industry.
1 answer
The TFP model stands for "Time for Print" or "Trade for Print," where models and photographers collaborate on a project without exchanging money. This can help both parties build their portfolios and gain experience. In the modeling industry, TFP can provide opportunities for aspiring models to work with photographers and vice versa, allowing them to showcase their skills and creativity without the pressure of financial transactions.
1 answer
TFP photography stands for "Time for Print" or "Trade for Print." It is a collaboration between photographers and models where they exchange their time and skills without payment. In TFP arrangements, the photographer provides the model with free high-quality images in exchange for the model's time and talent. This type of photography is commonly used by both aspiring and experienced professionals to build their portfolios, gain experience, and network within the industry.
1 answer
When engaging in TFP (Time for Print) photography collaborations, it is important to consider factors such as the experience and professionalism of the photographer and model, the concept and goals of the shoot, the rights and usage of the photos, and clear communication and expectations between all parties involved.
1 answer
A TFP shoot stands for "Time for Print" or "Trade for Print," where the photographer and model collaborate without payment, exchanging their time and skills for photos. In contrast, paid photography sessions involve the client paying the photographer for their services and the resulting images.
1 answer
TFP stands for one or more of the following:Time For Prints
Time For Portfolio
Trade For Prints
Trade For Portfolio
You will also see digital shooters use the phrase "TFCD" or "TFP/CD." These mean: Time/Trade for CD
Time/Trade for Prints/CD
Whatever the particular phrase the letters stand for, the basic idea is simple: In a TFP shoot, no money changes hands. The model doesn't get an hourly or session fee, and the photographer doesn't get an hourly fee, a session fee, or any pay for providing the model with prints and/or digital images (the "CD" part - usually the model gets a CD-R with her image selection burned onto it.) All participants are doing the shoot in hopes of getting good quality images for their portfolios, which they can use for self-promotion to get more, and hopefully paying, work.
TFP is usually the domain of amateur photographers and/or beginning models, although many pros will do a TFP shoot with an amateur model (or an amateur photographer) who can't pay their usual rates but whose look or previous work the professional finds intriguing. That doesn't mean that outstanding work can't be produced at a TFP shoot: many amateur photographers are "amateurs" only in that photography is not how they pay their bills, and have talent and equipment equal to most professional photographers. Images obtained through TFP sessions are in many a model's portfolio and have earned many a callback from an agency or pro shooter.
1 answer
Trouble code P1815 means: TFP Valve Position Switch Circuit Malfunction
1 answer
Pretty awesome.
1 answer
TFP shoots, also known as Time for Print or Trade for Print, are collaborative photo shoots where the photographer and model exchange their time and skills without monetary compensation. In contrast, paid photography sessions involve the photographer being paid a fee for their services. The main difference is that TFP shoots are typically done for portfolio building or creative purposes, while paid sessions are for commercial or personal projects where the client pays for the photographer's expertise and services.
1 answer
TFP photography stands for "Time for Print" or "Trade for Print," where the photographer and model collaborate on a photoshoot without exchanging money. Instead, the model receives prints or digital images in exchange for their time. This differs from other types of photography collaborations, such as paid shoots or portfolio-building sessions, where money is exchanged for services.
1 answer
I saw 2 of these guys on 3/31/11 at the downtown Houston Catholic chapel. After some research it appears they are part of the TFP organization (tradition, Family, Property) which may include the "Healders of the Gospel" see photos at Google images "TFP ceremonial habit". Good luck with your research.
1 answer
The term "TFP" in photography stands for "Time for Print," which refers to a collaboration where the photographer and model exchange their time and skills for prints of the photos taken. This arrangement allows both parties to build their portfolios without monetary compensation. It impacts collaboration by fostering a mutually beneficial relationship where both the photographer and model can gain experience, exposure, and new work for their portfolios.
1 answer
TFP stands for "Time for Print" or "Trade for Print" in photography. It refers to an arrangement where photographers and models collaborate on a photoshoot without exchanging money. Instead, the photographer provides the model with prints or digital images in exchange for their time and modeling services. This can impact collaboration by allowing both parties to build their portfolios, gain experience, and create artistic work without the financial constraints of a paid shoot. It can be a mutually beneficial arrangement for photographers and models looking to expand their portfolios and network within the industry.
1 answer
The term "TFP" stands for "Time for Print" or "Trade for Print" in photography. It refers to an arrangement where photographers and models collaborate on a photoshoot without exchanging money. Instead, the photographer provides the model with prints or digital images in exchange for their time and modeling services. This can be beneficial for both parties as it allows them to build their portfolios and gain experience without incurring financial costs. However, it's important for both photographers and models to communicate clearly and set expectations beforehand to ensure a successful collaboration.
1 answer
TF usually stands for 'Trade For' or 'Time For'. Usually you will see beginner photographers putting TFP in their ads and this generally means they will trade you prints for your time.
Hope this helps!
2 answers
The most immediate way is to present yourself to a modelling agency through castings or get scouted. You can also build up a portfolio through doing tfp/tfcd (Time for pictures/Time for CD) with photographers who are also looking at expanding or building their portfolio. This means neither you or the photographer will get paid for the shoot, but you'll both get a copy of the pictures either in print form or on a cd. Eventually when you've put together a portfolio you may be offered paid work by better photographers, once you have a high quality portfolio you can then go and present it to an agency. You can find TFP/TFCD photographers on online modelling websites or photographer webites.
1 answer
iformation tachnology Science, technology and innovation have become key factors contributing to economic growth in both advanced and developing economies. In the knowledge economy, information circulates at the international level through trade in goods and services, direct investment and technology flows, and the movement of people. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have been at the heart of economic changes for more than a decade. ICT sector plays an important role, notably by contributing to rapid technological progress and productivity growth. Firms use ICTs to organize transnational networks in response to international competition and the increasing need for strategic interaction. As a result, multinational firms are a primary vehicle of the everspreading process of globalization. New technologies and their implementation in productive activities are changing the economic structure and contributing to productivity increases in OECD economies. Economic competitiveness depends on productivity level and in the knowledge economy, ICT sectors determine the productivity level. As a result , we can say that the power of economic competitiveness of a country depends on the productivity of its ICT sector. There are two ways to improve the TFP of ICT and to improve the power of competitiveness. First of all, if the selected countries solve their inefficiency problem by reallocation of resources, they can improve their TFP of the ICT sector and as a result they can be more competitive. Secondly, the technological improvement in these countries creates an expectation about increasing TFP of ICT sector for future. If there will be a sustainable technological improvement by innovation, it will cause a sustainable increase in the TFP of ICT sector and as a result it will cause a sustainable increase in competitiveness.
1 answer
iformation tachnology Science, technology and innovation have become key factors contributing to economic growth in both advanced and developing economies. In the knowledge economy, information circulates at the international level through trade in goods and services, direct investment and technology flows, and the movement of people. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have been at the heart of economic changes for more than a decade. ICT sector plays an important role, notably by contributing to rapid technological progress and productivity growth. Firms use ICTs to organize transnational networks in response to international competition and the increasing need for strategic interaction. As a result, multinational firms are a primary vehicle of the everspreading process of globalization. New technologies and their implementation in productive activities are changing the economic structure and contributing to productivity increases in OECD economies. Economic competitiveness depends on productivity level and in the knowledge economy, ICT sectors determine the productivity level. As a result , we can say that the power of economic competitiveness of a country depends on the productivity of its ICT sector. There are two ways to improve the TFP of ICT and to improve the power of competitiveness. First of all, if the selected countries solve their inefficiency problem by reallocation of resources, they can improve their TFP of the ICT sector and as a result they can be more competitive. Secondly, the technological improvement in these countries creates an expectation about increasing TFP of ICT sector for future. If there will be a sustainable technological improvement by innovation, it will cause a sustainable increase in the TFP of ICT sector and as a result it will cause a sustainable increase in competitiveness.
2 answers
TF stands for "Time For" and applies to the working arrangement between models and photographers.
A regular "TF" usually means a trade photoshoot where both the model and photographer offer their services free of charge in exchange for being able to use the resulting photos for their portfolios and promotional purposes like social media.
There are different forms of a "TF" arrangement that include:
TFP "Time for Prints": in exchange for their services as a model, the photographer agrees to provide free prints of the chosen photos the model can use in his/her portfolio.
TFCD "Time for CD": in exchange for their services as a model, the photographer agrees to provide a CD of images from the shoot for a model to use in his/her portfolio.
1 answer
Becoming an actor doesn't have to cost a fortune but there are ways to minimize the cost. First, it is important to find a legit talent agency to sign with. They will help you figure out a cost effective way to pursue your career. If you need to have photos done, there are many photographers that offer what is known as a TFP or TFCD or "time for prints" or "time for CD of images." Actors, models and photographers regularly do test shoots for free and in exchange of shooting with the photographer, you receive copies of your images. This is a cost-free way of getting professional quality photos.
If you are in school, participate in school plays or other acting opportunities such as drama classes in school. You can sign up for drama classes in community college as well for a much more affordable price.
1 answer
If you want to be a runway model for free you can always volunteer to do fashion shows for various fashion colleges and schools, which are always looking for model (often with no height requirement) to showcase their students' designs. If you want to get paid, the best way is to sign with a modeling agency, who would book you for paying gigs, as long as you are 5'8"-6'0" if you are a female or 5'10"-6'2" for male models. Or you can try sites like Craigslist, Model Mayhem, or other online sites that post for models.
2 answers
There are a number of websites that offer modeling portfolios, too many to name specific ones that are better or the best. Simply looking this up in any search engine will get you results to compare prices. However, it should be noted that modeling portfolios don't technically have to cost you money. Instead, you should opt for doing test shoots with legit photographers in your area.
Networking with professional photographers via online modeling communities (Model Mayhem is a popular site for this) allows you to arrange free photoshoots with photographers, who will gladly help you build your portfolio. Request a TFCD or TFP, which stands for "time for CD of images" or "time for prints." You exchange your time as a model with the photographer, who will provide you with prints or digital copies of your images from the shoot.
It is often easier and more cost-effective to do test shoots first to build a portfolio instead of spending a lot of money to "buy" a portfolio.
1 answer
Freezing point depression is the phenomenon where the freezing point of a solvent is lowered when a solute is added to it. This occurs because the presence of the solute disrupts the formation of orderly ice crystals, requiring a lower temperature to freeze the solution compared to the pure solvent. It is a colligative property that depends on the concentration of the solute particles in the solution.
5 answers
Most models contact photographers in their area and do test shoots, also known as TFP (time for prints) or TFCD (time for CD of images). Test shoots are free and involve the model trading their time of shooting with the photographer for select copies of the best images from the shoot or a CD with all the high resolution pictures from the shoot on them.
You also have the option of paying a photographer for a photoshoot, which also involves receiving copies of your images from the shoot.
You should start by finding photographers in your area that specialize in the type of modeling you want to do. For example, if you want to be a fashion model, you should only look for photographers that specialize in fashion photography, and have a strong portfolio with samples of this kind of work.
Even just searching for "photographers in [your city]" in any search engine can turn up websites of photographers or you can turn to online modeling communities such as www.modelmayhem.com or www.onemodelplace.com, where you can do a detailed search for photographers in your area and see their portfolios before contacting them.
Once you contact a photographer, arrange a meeting prior to shooting together to discuss what you need in terms of images, themes, and to also talk about shoot dates, locations, outfits, etc.
1 answer
You don't need a professional portfolio when you are starting out, you need a few snapshots where one can see face and body clearly (from the front and side) and take them to a legit model agency. They'll create a portfolio with you and take fee's when you start working.
--
There are two ways to answer this question. One, that is an extraordinary amount to charge and you can find other pro photographers who will charge less. Most photographers charge between $200-600 for basic portfolio shoots. You also have the option of doing free test shoots with pro photographers, known as TFP (time for prints) or TFCD (time for CD of images). Test shoots are a free exchange of services between the model and photographer. If money is tight, you should find photographers that offer test shoots before paying out of pocket.
Second, it is important to realize that a photoshoot involves shooting hundreds of photos and then picking the final ones. It isn't like you are paying the photographer to only shoot 12 pictures. It doesn't work that way.
It would be in your best interest to find several other photographers and ask what they would charge for a basic photoshoot for your daughter and then compare prices to see which one works best for you. Chances are you will find more reasonable/affordable rates and get more in return. The best shoots are the ones where you can get all of the photoshoot images on a CD as well as being able to choose which ones you want retouched, printed, etc.
1 answer
This depends on what the project/shoot is for. When taking pictures of models for their portfolio, most photographers charge $100 or more, which usually includes retouching photos and printing images if needed. Each photographer charges his/her own rates, which may be a flat rate or hourly.
7 answers
Each state in the U.S. has different rates, in Vegas, typically for a gig like informal modeling (wearing clothes and mingling/selling to customers) that is 4 hour gig you're unlikely to get more than 250, usually it's more around 180.
For shoots, when you start out as a model you will either do tfcd/tfp (trades) or pay the photographer. Some of the best photographers charge upwards of 1000, usually when they provide hair and mua as well. You don't have to go that far until you have some experience. When you have enough experience and skill and networking, you can begin getting paid jobs. It's all about personality and your social network-if you can't network and you have an attitude, you won't succeed no matter how pretty you are.
Very few models can make their living solely off of modeling. It's a lot of work and it takes a lot of time, effort, and a very self motivated entrepreneur type personality to make it big.
In LA, the pay is better, but the competition is fierce, so go ahead and try, but unless you have something different and are good at networking, you're probably going to be lost in a sea of beautiful women and get nowhere. Similarly, NY has the best of the best, but you better know what you're doing-your job is to sell the product and make your clients happy with the least amount of effort required on their part. The easier you can make the photographer/mua/hairstylist's job the more likely you will get a call back. And that's where you can start making 30,000 a year.
Also remember that you're going to get old and wrinkly, and they aren't going to want you anymore. Be prepared for that and enjoy the time you have! Typically, fashion models are around till 25 years old maximum, usually they are nixed at 22. The ones you hear about in the news on tv, in magazines, they are the very minute minority and in reality you're not likely to get anywhere near making as much money as them. That doesn't mean you can't model though.
1 answer
One way to remember the order of the presidents is to use mnemonic devices or create a rhyme that includes the presidents' names in order. Another way is to associate each president with a specific visual image or fact to help anchor their place in the sequence. Flashcards or online quizzes can also be helpful for practice and reinforcement.
3 answers
the particular Thanksgiving holiday touch as well as revealing the principles OK, not unlike LSU, why don't we just agree how the Packers are the most useful crew inside the American footbal. Also to be reasonable, we will provide them with a l8rs to the National football conference subject video game. Absolutely no? Okay, let's enjoy the growing season and discover where it requires all of us. (Even though Packers work best staff. and it's not close up.) Hey, concerning several highinterest Christmas Day time video games with PackersLions, DolphinsCowboys (what's the overunder about Leon Lett personal references considering that this individual attemptedto include in which obstructed industry aim from the Dolphins in Thanksgiving holiday, 18 in the past Thurs?) and RavensNiners in the Harbaugh Bowl? Happy times. Naturally, the 5at10 will be at the TFP putting together Friday's Sporting activities area, but here's expecting you enjoy any highquality timetable. A couple of) Bay area: In the event that Green These kinds of is the class of this specific American footbal season, the 49ers would be the salutatorians. The Pack are usually One hundred; the particular 49ers tend to be 91, a pair of online games superior to numerous persons from 3. Several) New Orleans: Your cream from the 3 harvest. Attracted Brees and his bevy involving weapons are a scary idea for everyone. 4) Northeastern: Provides there been recently a good end with all the cult following such as secondyear seasoned Rob Gronkowski, who has 12 TD attracts in 15 games. He's part Dork Casper, component Kellen Winslow as well as part Hat Boso, who had been the most effective Tecmo Dish tight end ever. Five) Pittsburgh: Will not sleep about the Pittsburgh steelers, that stood a frontloaded routine and have battled via a litany of incidents to get at 3. Has it been an abandoned 3? Of course, but that's not always a bad thing. 31) Miami: The actual Dolphins cannot actually smell appropriate. Following commencing 07 and looking being a staff that can contend for the Claire Luck sweepstakes, the particular Fish have got received three right. A person find Chad Henne on the field announc. Twenty nine) Minneosta: Has anybody decreased even farther more quickly than Donovan McNabb? Contemplate it, four years in the past McNabb was obviously a controversial title concerning getting Area regarding Popularity suitable. Today he or she cannot outperform Religious Ponder, and then suddenly yr he will always be about his / her last staff within four years. 40) Carolina: The actual Panthers are Twenty-eight, and imagine just how undesirable it might be with no Camera Newton? Like Nineteen at very best. hold out. 31st) Saint. Louis: There's 28 then there may be 28 from the NFC West which isn't just like your Securities and exchange commission's West in fact. This can be Thanksgiving holiday few days. You know this particular. This means family, bulgaria, that dripping goo your grandmother helps make that will nobody understands how it's but is too frightened to question, naps, basketball along with egypr sandwiches in bright bread with spice up. Thanksgiving is actually awesome. You already know this particular, too. It will in addition imply a sport involving touch soccer. Critically. Where ever you are, try and buy your household all of them, there won't be any conditions, perhaps the momma that claims, "I need to finish the attire,Inch could extra Ten minutes in the particular yard for a fast online game. Have confidence in people, you may not regret it. Whilst Jerr Homosexual from the Wall Road Journal sets out some fundamental and quite amusing rules, the actual 5at10 experienced required to provide a small, Southern fine-tune to a couple of of these as well as a few enhancements that are required. One) Tailgating is really a The southern part of custom, and yes it relates to Thanksgiving effect sports. It won't need to be a great Iron Bowltype propagate or perhaps a homecoming gala, just some cinnamon rolls, a few bread as well as a pitcher of caffeine (and also let us be genuine truthful the following, if use the term coffee pot at the tailgate, nicely, the Full associated with Great britain better be around the guest list). Tailgating can be a tradition and if you can't be classic throughout the vacations, any time is it possible to be conventional? And when you can't become conventional throughout the holiday seasons, well, your terrorists have got won. 2) Depending on your tastes, any pregame grownup beverage or even a couple of say Weakling Marys and even people lemon juicechampagne things for a lot of should be around. After all, a day with the fam usually goes somewhat simpler using a gear or perhaps 2, yet take care, getting overserved inside a hightension establishing just like a loved ones purpose can cause unhappiness along with magic. You will be one that everybody's referring to for a long ti
1 answer
One good way is to ensure he (or she) is taking his meds. If he really is bi-polar (formerly known as manic-depressive), he should be under a doctor's care and taking the meds needed to control his illness. If he is already on medication, you must do everything in your power to encourage him to stay on them, even when he's "feeling great and doesn't need them." To do so is not nagging. You're saving your relationship -- and maybe HIS LIFE!
7 answers
1
Purnamita Dasgupta
Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi
National Workshop2
Objectives
• To develop alternative socio-economic scenarios that
take into consideration a sustainable development
objective for India
• To develop a conceptual frame for indicative economic
costs of policies for adaptation to climate change,
specific focus on vulnerable groups.
• To illustrate the methodology with detailed studies,
focusing on agriculture as a key sector3
Methodology
• Key markers of socio-economic vulnerability and
adaptive capacity were identified
• These include Geographical (inter-state variation and
coastal location), Demographic (inter-state population
distribution) and Coping vulnerability (income
differentials and access to basic facilities)
• Socio-Economic variables impacting each of the above
(through either an increase/decrease in vulnerability)
are then interacted in a dynamic simulation model
• Model provides: (a) alternative development pathways
through short to medium term projections over (b)
varying time scales (c) key parameters which can be
influenced to achieve desirable outcomes for
decreasing vulnerability. 4
Gross Domestic Product
Poverty Reduction Sectoral Gross Domestic Product
Food security
Unemployment Reduction
Access to Basic Services
Share of Agriculture Sector
Food grain Production
Conceptual Frame - Economy and Agriculture Module5
Area under Food grain
Profitability
Technology
Climatic Factors
Irrigation
Other Socio-Economic Factor
Share of Primary Sector
Education
Infrastructure
Food Production
Population
Per Capita Production
Conceptual Frame:
Dynamic Simulation of Food grain Production6
Gross Domestic
Product
Poverty
Reduction
Food Security,
Unemployment
Reduction,
Acess to Basic
Services
Sectoral
Gross
Domestic
Product
Share of
Agriculture
Sector
Area under
Foodgrain
area change due
to change in
profitability
factor
change in
relative
profitability
irrigated area
food grain
non-irrigated area
foodgrain
change in area
foodgrain
Proportion of land
irrigated
<Time>
food
production
Yield (irrigated)
Yield
(nonirrigated)
Per capita
production
Population
in2
<Time>
<Time>7
Emerging Scenarios
• Time scale from current time period till 2030
• Reference scenario has current expectations and
assumptions of structural stability, and, concerns for
vulnerability without climate change impacts - results
available
• Optimistic Scenario improves on reference with rapid
technological progress and adaptive strategies -
results available
• Longer term Scenario Simulation - in progress
• Indicative Costs - framework developed; ongoing work 8
Variable Reference
Scenario
Optimistic
Scenario
GDP growth rate (2020-2030) 7 % 8 %
Unemployment Rate 1% 1%
Income Poverty (Percentage BPL) 5% 5%
Sectoral Shares in GDP: Primary:
(Secondary + Tertiary)
0.15: 0.85 0.10:0.90
Per capita Food Grain Production 182 kgs 198 kgs
Urbanisation 0.45 0.50
Access to basic amenities 100% 100%
Socio-Economic Scenarios for the Indian Economy, 20309
Per Capita Foodgrain Production
170.00
175.00
180.00
185.00
190.00
195.00
200.00
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
2022-23
2023-24
2024-25
2025-26
2026-27
2027-28
2028-29
2029-30
reference scenario
optimistic scenario10
Uncertainty Issues
• TFP, technological progress
• Limiting - cap values : land availability, irrigation
potential, population, relative international prices
• Turning points - thresholds : where these lie and extent
of certainty of occurrence
Quality Assurance
• Face Validity through repeated iterations - expected
and consistent signs and directions of flows
• Historical behaviour tests
• Reality checks with extreme values for parameters 11
Adaptation Framework
• Response Levels
- Variables determining potential for adaptation: education,
technological development
- Variables impacted by the potential: e.g. water use efficiency
• Drivers of Change
- Policies - State; Initiative - Public or Private or both
- Agency - State as Enabler; Individual and Civil society -
diffusion, uptake, funding12
Adaptation Framework
• Costs
- Knowledge Advancement Costs : Awareness and
Media, R & D, Institutional Development
- Sustainability Transition Costs: building a climate
resilient society - most sectoral, context specific
approaches/estimates capture these (on track with
developmental goals) e.g.: R & D to installation of
early warning systems; from institutional
development to crop insurance at incremental
premiums for climate change13
Some Conceptual Concerns
• Developmental goals well defined for short term (e.g. MDGs);
taken care of in setting the time frames and targets (e.g.
literacy, poverty, access to basic amenities)
• Adaptation Costs - in short run cover for derailment of the
economy from the desired time path
• Currently available CC data for 2071-2100; socio-economic
modeling limitations beyond 2030.
• Therefore, adopt a Systems Equilibrium approach ----
Moving from last three decades till 2004-05, to a future 30 year
period: 2071 to 2100.
Advantage - CC data available, disadvantages - too much
uncertainty to risk putting one number to it, even for the
economist!!!
For the present, See Adaptation costs in terms of directions of
change. Illustrate for food grain production.14
Food grain prod. 2004-05
10.54
10.5
13.4
12.15
5.26
37.84
14.1
13.11
25.67
16.0615
Foodgrain prod. 2030 (opt.)
15.19
11.18
14.28
12.93
5.6
40.28
26.04
13.96
27.34
17.1216
Foodgrain prod. 2071, 2100
21.56
17.18
18.86
22.74
15.77
31.95
27.3
19.73
23.93
20.64
18.85
17.93
20.91
18.32
18.83
24.26
20.63
24.82
28.91
24.3417
Relative Change in foodgrain production
State Name
2030 relative to
2004-5
2071 relative
to 2030
2100
relative
to 2071
Andhra Pradesh + + +
Gujrat + + +
Haryana + + +
Karnataka + + +
Madhaya Pradesh + + -
Maharastra + + -
Punjab + - +
Rajasthan + + -
Uttar Pradesh + - -
West Bengal + + +
India + - -18
Indicative Transition & Knowledge Costs
Adaptation to changing water availability for
agriculture in vulnerable areas
• Costs of weather insurance for typical rainfed
agriculture - private (esp. large and medium); social
/ government (small and marginal)
• Cost of water saving technology (drip and sprinkler
irrigation) - mostly private costing
• Cost of R & D in low water using crops - social/
government cost
• Cost of institutional development and resilience
build up for first two - both private and public; not
so for last. Rather, private agent may have incentive
to move into different land use. 19
Adaptation Costs
• Various definitions and conceptual inconsistencies
exist in adaptation literature and available estimates
• Anticipated costs which maybe incurred by public
and private agents to plan for a change foreseen
with reasonable accuracy
• Critical - precision of extent and probability of
climate change impacts; incremental attributable to
CC; agency which bears the cost.
• Adaptation Funding for apportioning of costs between
2010 and 2100
• NREGA, BPL 20
% NREGA employment , % BPL
2.78
26.97
0
42.5
10.63
16.33
14.74
15.65
2.56
18.9421
1 answer
Role of FIs
Financial intermediaries perform an important role in the development process, particularly through their role in allocating resources to their most productive uses. More efficient financial markets help economic agents hedge, trade, pool risk, raising investment and economic growth. Financial institutions provide consumers and commercial clients with a wide range of services and different types of banking products. The importance of financial institutions to the wider economy is apparent during market booms and recessions. During economic upturns, financial institutions provide the financing that drives economic growth, and during recessions, banks curtail lending. This can exacerbate a country's financial problems and draw attention to the fact that economies are heavily reliant upon the financial sector.
The importance of financial institutions and passed legislation made it easier for more people to obtain products and services from these entities. In many countries, banks are encouraged or even compelled to lend money to home buyers and small businesses. Readily available loans encourage consumer spending, and this spending leads to economic growth. There is now a clear realization that sustainable development will not and cannot be achieved by governments acting alone. In this context, the expertise of the private sector plays an important role.
Role
1- Motivating the Financial Sector
In general Financial Institutions will only use their resources for the benefit of their interest - i.e. help to generate profits, either directly or indirectly. The considerations are important because with the help of growth of institutions there is increase in the investment business in the country. With existence of more institutions there will be motivation in the financial sector to perform better and take steps for the strengthening of country. This will leads towards the prosperty in the country by eliminating the risk.
2- Development & Introduction of Niche strategies
With the development & introduction of FIs we can see the strategies for different sector especially for the niche sector of the country. The institutions develop & spread knowledge about financial products to assist the efficiency for the achievement of sustainable economic growth. In 2003 union bank introduce the 'RAAS Financing Scheme' for the small community of Gujranwala division engaged in surgical industry. For this approach to offer attractive opportunities for the financial help for growing & profitable market segment. SME bank introduced Express loan scheme for niche sector as well in 2004-05.
3- Financing the Small Scale Sector
Credit is the prime input for sustained growth of small scale sector and its availability is thus a matter of great importance. The provision of short term credit/working capital to small enterprises for its day to day requirement for purchasing raw material and other inputs like electricity, water, etc. and for payment of wages and salaries; and long term credit for creation of fixed assets like land, building, plant and machinery help the SME sector to perform better.
4- Tailor made schemes
With the help of different institutions several tailor made schemes for the betterment of economic sector of the country are available at door steps. Introduction of country wide schemes cannot give expected growth. As discussed earlier RAAS Financing Scheme, Express loan, Green tractor scheme, Yellow Cap Scheme etc showed extensive results for the betterment of growth in the country.
5- Development and Support Services
With the existence of different institutions development and support services in the form of loans and grants to different agencies working for the promotion and development of industries like associations, chambers are available. The main example of import of thermo bonded machines for the production of thermo bonded footballs is possible with the help of banks in Sialkot. Other support was observed in rural industrialization, human resource development, technology up-gradation and marketing & promotion in the country.
6- Micro finance Credit
With the development of different institutions like KHUSHHALI Bank, First Microfinance Bank, Tameer Micro finance etc Micro Credit is available to the most poorest sector of country. This proactive step to facilitate growth of the micro finance sector in country is very commendable. It is envisaged to emerge as the apex community by providing a complete range of financial and non-financial services such as loan funds, grant support, equity and institution building support.
7- Introduction of more Institutions
Banking system and the Financial Institutions play very significant role in the economy. First and foremost is in the form of catering to the need of credit for all the sections of society. The modern economies in the world have developed primarily by making best use of the credit availability in their systems. An efficient banking system must cater to the needs of high end investors by making available high amounts of capital for big projects in the industrial, infrastructure and service sectors. At the same time, the medium and small ventures must also have credit available to them for new investment and expansion of the existing units. Rural sector in a country like Pakistan, India can grow only if cheaper credit is available to the farmers for their short and medium term needs. This expected potential help the investors for the introduction of more FIs in the country.
8- Mopping up Savings
The banks and the financial institutions also cater to another important need of the society i.e. mopping up small savings at reasonable rates with several options. The common man has the option to park his savings under a few alternatives, including the small savings schemes introduced by the government from time to time and in bank deposits in the form of savings accounts, recurring deposits and time deposits. Another option is to invest in the stocks or mutual funds.
9- Availability of Financial services to households & individuals
Individuals have a major impact on the environment through their activities and consumption of goods and services, and in some cases their impact is proving more intractable than commercial impacts. Financial institutions can have a major impact on the activities of individuals by the provision of suitable financial arrangements - for instance, access to cheap mortgage finance is a prerequisite of widespread home ownership, and car ownership has been greatly increased by the availability of car loans and hire purchase. In the absence of suitable financing arrangements, products or goods may struggle to achieve sales, particularly if they have high capital costs.
10- Capital mobilization
Capital mobilization is generally one of the most necessary conditions for development. The role played by FIs in the process of financial integration in developing countries is very vital. With the help of this channel benefit of integration materialized. With the help of capital mobilization capacity building, good governance & economic reforms can easily be achieved.
11- Trade Facilitation Programme
The Trade Facilitation Programme (TFP) aims to foster trade in the countries of operations, both intra‑regional and global. Through the programme, institutions provides guarantees to confirming banks, taking the political and commercial payment risk of international trade transactions undertaken by banks in the countries of operations. This pioneering programme remains a vital source of trade finance in many of countries of operations.
12- Insurance and financial services
The institutions are supporting a broad range of financial services to help expand local capital markets and develop local financial infrastructure. In 2002-08 there was a strong focus on leasing transactions and investment with new commitments made to insurance companies; a pension funds etc I Pakistan. The Bank also participated in a number of structured finance transactions, encouraging the use of capital market products in the region. Growth in this sector will continue as demand for more varied financial services increases and as improved legislation provides the necessary infrastructure for financial sector development.
13- Achievement of Growth
Well developed financial systems allow economies to reach their potential since they allow firms which have successfully identified profitable opportunities to exploit these opportunities as intermediaries by channelling investment funds from those in the economy who are willing to defer their consumption plans into the future. Achievement of growth in country becomes easy with introduction of financial institutions. Different stages of financial development require adequate institutional processes to be in place.
14- Financial Innovation
Development of FIs helps in focusing on the improvements in technology and its impact on how financial products are delivered. Funds are transferred directly from ultimate savers to ultimate borrowers. With reduction of trust deficit financial innovation is possible on better grounds. We know the flow of short-term funds is facilitated by money markets & the flow of long-term funds is facilitated by capital markets. These activities also help in financial innovations.
15- Managing Risk in Financial Institutions
Risk factor is one of the most critical factors while dealing with finance. The facilitation of issuance of new securities e.g., the sale of new corporate stock or new Treasury securities or facilitation of trading of existing securities e.g., the sale of existing stock etc involve factor of risk. We are not confident either the securities traded in secondary markets are liquid or not. Focusing on risk management in the financial institution is very necessary.
CONCLUSION
We need a framework which enhances the ability to react quickly, effectively and more advisedly to prevent from adverse shocks that might impact the financial sector. The above discussion on the role of institutions will contribute to ensuring continued confidence and ultimately to improving the stability of the financial system. Well functioning financial markets, such as the bond market, stock market, and foreign exchange market, are key factors in producing high economic growth. The increased availability of financial instruments reduces transaction and information costs and helps to achieve economic growth.
4 answers
Good Morning,
Here are the codes of all 2002 and newer Chrysler, Dodge, and Jeep Computer...
1 answer
Courtesy of "Skidsmadawg96"
Click here for details on how to get the codes if the following instructions don't work!
(1) Cycle the ignition key On - Off - On - Off - On within 5 seconds.
(2) The Odometer will show the P-code.
(3) If no DTC's are present, the cluster will display one of two texts: "P1684" and "done" or only "done." P1684 indicates that the memory has been cleared within the last 50 ignition cycles and does not indicate a problem. Done indicates that NO DTCs are present.
Ho2S = heated oxyen sensor, TP = throttle position, MAF = mass airflow, MAP = manifold absolute pressure, TC=turbocharger.
Some codes might not be used by Chrysler, or might only be used by some later Chrysler models (e.g. Charger). These will be italicized.
1 answer