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Edgar Prestage was born in 1869.

1 answer


Edgar Prestage died in 1951.

1 answer


John Prestage has written:

'A catalogue of the entire and valuable library of the Honourable Bryan Fairfax, Esq'

1 answer


Yes when you do prestige mode it restarts your create a class and your weapons.

1 answer


Still have questions?
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yes u need money to host one also you need a new jtag which cost close to 800 dollars

1 answer


first you have to get to lvl 50 and then once you have gotten to that lvl the prestige option will be unlocked and the you do that and there will be a warning about crap like losing your data and stuff but you probably already know what happens.

1 answer


Edgar Prestage has written:

'The Portuguese pioneers' -- subject(s): Discoveries in geography, Explorers, Explorers, Portuguese, History, Portuguese, Portuguese Explorers, Voyages and travels

'D. Francisco Manuel de Mello' -- subject(s): Accessible book

'Pamphlets on Antonio de Souza de Macedo' -- subject(s): Accessible book

'Portugal & the war of the Spanish succession' -- subject(s): Spanish Succession, War of, 1701-1714, Bibliography, Foreign relations, Sources

'Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese relations' -- subject(s): Foreign relations, History

'Descobridores portugueses' -- subject(s): Discoveries in geography, Explorers, Portuguese, Portuguese

'D. Francisco Manuel de Mello' -- subject(s): Authors, Portuguese, Biography, Historians, Portuguese Authors

1 answer


Well you don't need to prestiage to be considered "a pro". Being a pro is how well you can play the game. "A Pro" should a person who is really good and amazing player. Ranks doesn't show how skilled a gamer is but how experienced the gamer is. a 4th prestage gamer has more experience than a 2nd prestiage gamer. (unless the person has hacked the game.)

1 answer


go to the Microsoft home page download 3rd link on the right. open the link change all the "o"s to "y"s and then turn your xbox off and on 7 times not 8 spread tooth past all over your disk (note: this won't harm your disk) put it in the tray and seal off all the vents(this is how to keep the hack viruses in) turn it on go into the system settings memory press "y" go to clear system cache and play your game (if this doesn't work try peanut butter)

1 answer


The cast of The Business - 2005 includes: Olimaiz Achraf as Moroccan Boy Rachid Alihealni as Columbian 2 Zippy Alonso Mendoza as Squat Druggie Olimaiz Anass as Moroccan Boy Sylvie Arnone as Maid Geoff Bell as Sammy Adam Bolton as Danny Fernando Carrasco Roman as Waiter Georgina Chapman as Carly Camille Coduri as Nora Alexis Coello Montena as Columbian 1 Joseph Courtney as Kid in Estate Marcelo Dabiel Yornet as Police Eduardo Duro as Carlos Danny Dyer as Frankie Herardo Edil Manrique Riera as Police Cas en Mar as The Dutch Zara Ford as Jacuzzi Girl Zac Fritz as Moroccan Boy Alex Goodger as Moroccan Boy Frank Groen as The Dutch Alfonso Guerra as Body Guard Ibra Habbools Sanchez as Algerian James Hagger as Van Security Guard Tamer Hassan as Charlie Linda Henry as Shirley Tracy Kirby as Laura Andy Linden as Joe Darren Luckin as Clubber Twogeese Macfarlane as Police Roland Manookian as Sonny Maurico Manrique as Moroccan Boy Martin Marquez as Pepe Canido Massi as Police Dan Mead as Dire Danny Daniel Naylor as Danny 2 Diego Nicolas Berenguer as Moroccan Boy Andy Parfitt as Andy Lauren Porcaar as Pretty Girl in Shop Peter Prestage as Squat Druggie Charlie Rapson as Kid in Estate Walter Rico as The Dutch Marti Roca Hertlein as Police Alfredo Ruiz Ortega as Moroccan Boy Andrew Shukin as The Dutch David Spratt as Clubber Arturo Venegas as Mayor Sally Watkins as Mum Eddie Webber as Ronnie

1 answer


I find from my personal experience that the best class around is:-

* Primary Weapon: The AK-47 w/ Blue Tigercamouflage

* Side Arm: Desert Eagle

* Special Grenade: Smoke Grenade

* Perk 1: Bandolier

* Perk 2: Stopping Power

* Perk 3: Steady Aim

Surprisingly Simple but surprisingly effective. Kills quite quick in non-hardcore games and reloads reasonably fast, enough ammo to kill a few enemies so you'll be able to get yourself through a crowd of enemies in no time and best of all, you can obtain this class almost at the very start of the game, the statistics of the class do not change (in this case you can obtain it at the very start) but it will take a while if you want that finishing touch of the Desert Eagle and Blue Tiger camouflage.

The only fault i can say is that the accuracy is the same at any distance, on the other hand, this can be taken as an advantage as there is no skill to master the accuracy so anyone can use it as well as anyone else.

I'm a sniper man and the classes i use are..... I'm only Rank 37 not prestage)

Dragunov (Blue tiger) w/ acog

M1911 pistol

Perk 1 is Claymores (to protect you when sniping)

Perk 2 is Stopping power (for more powerful sniping)

Perk 3 is Deep impact (for sniping through walls)

M40A3 (Blue tiger) w/ acog

M1911 pistol

Perk 1 is Claymores (to protect you when sniping)

Perk 2 is Stopping power (for more powerful sniping)

Perk 3 is Deep impact (for sniping through walls)

M21 (Blue tiger) w/ acog

M1911 pistol

Perk 1 is Claymores (to protect you when sniping)

Perk 2 is Stopping power (for more powerful sniping)

Perk 3 is Deep impact (for sniping through walls)

R700 (Blue tiger) w/ acog

M19 pistol

Perk 1 is Claymores (to protect you when sniping)

Perk 2 is Stopping power (for more powerful sniping)

Perk 3 is Deep impact (for sniping through walls)

G36C (Blue Tiger) w/ Red dot

M19 pistol

Perk 1 is C4 (to protect me when I'm camping)

Perk 2 is Juggernaut (because i get killed a lot when camping)

Perk 3 is Martyrdom (to kill shot gunners if they kill me)

To me:

Primary Weapon: M16 w/acog (blue tiger)

Secondary Weapon: Desert Eagle (gold or regular)

Perk 1: C4

Perk 2: Stopping Power

Perk 3: Deep Impact

For Sniping:

M40A3 w/acog

Desert Eagle

Perk 1: Claymores

Perk 2: Stopping Power

Perk 3: Deep impact

For Close Range:

M4 Carbine w/acog

Desert Eagle

Perk 1: C4

Perk 2: Stopping Power

Perk 3: Deep Impact

That's what I use but to me it all depends on your preference and your skills in the game.

my absolute favourite one has to be

50. caliber w/acog

desert eagle

perk 1: claymores

perk 2: stopping power

perk 3: dep impact

Favorite Classes:

Primary:Acr w/acog

Secondary:Model1887/akimbo

Sniper Class

Perk1:MarathonPro

Barret 50. Caliber/Fmj+Silencer

Perk2:Cold-BloodedPro

Secondary/M93 Raffica red-dot sight^

Perk3:NinjaPro

5 answers


Simple answer:
Pedro Alvares Cabral is from Belmonte, Portugal.


Pedro Alvares Cabral is from Belmonte, Portugal.
When Vasco da Gama arrived in Lisbon in the fall of 1499, after going all the way to India and back again, he had good news for Portugal's King Manoel. The port cities of India were busy marketplaces for Asian products such as spices, gems, and medicinal herbs. The prince of the city of Calicut had reluctantly agreed to sell these products to the Portuguese, as well as to the Arab merchants with whom he usually did business.
Immediately King Manoel put together a trading expedition. The weary da Gama declined the honor of commanding it. In his place, the king chose a young nobleman, Pedro Alvares Cabral. On March 9, 1500, Cabral set sail from Lisbon with a fleet of thirteen ships manned by 1,500 sailors. One of his captains was Bartolomeu Dias, the veteran explorer who had been the first to go around the Cape of Good Hope. On board as special advisor was Gaspar of India, the master mariner whom da Gama had captured on his trip. [See the articles on Dias, da Gama, and Gaspar.]
Following the advice of da Gama and Dias, Cabralheaded in a wide curve toward the west, intending to come back eastward toward Africa when he was closer to the Cape of Good Hope. This maneuver was intended to help the expedition take advantage of the strongest winds. At the widest point of the curve, the sailors sighted land, to which Cabral gave the name Island of the True Cross. In fact, it was no island, but the coast of South America, where Brazil is now.
The Portuguese set up a cross and said a Mass before an audience of uncomprehending but friendly tribespeople. When they set sail again, they left behind two convicts who were assigned to learn the local language and convert as many people as they could. They were probably eaten instead, for these tribes practiced cannibalism.
No one knows for sure whether Cabral came to Brazil by mistake or by intention. Previous sailors had sighted land in that area, and the Portuguese had an agreement with Spain that gave Portugal all the land east of an imaginary line drawn at 46 degrees 37 minutes of longitude. Cabral may have had secret orders from King Manoel to see what he could find.
Cabral sent a ship back to the king with news of the discovery, and he and his fleet went on toward the Cape of Good Hope. This was the place that Bartolomeu Dias had wanted to call "Cabo Tormentoso," the Stormy Cape. As they approached it, they were hit by a hurricane that capsized four of the ships. Bartholomeu Dias was among the dead. One of the surviving ships was blown far to the east and eventually landed on the island of Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa, where no Europeans had ever been seen before. The other ships found their way around the Cape of Good Hope and were reunited some months later in Mozambique. They continued northwards along the east coast of Africa, headed for the city of Malindi (in present-day Kenya), whose ruler had given Vasco da Gama a promise of help for the Portuguese.
King Manoel had instructed Cabral to capture Muslim ships and take their cargoes. Cabral now began to carry out this part of his mission. The first two ships he captured he had to give back; they were owned by one of the cousins of the king of Malindi. To the king himself Cabral sent expensive gifts, and in exchange the king gave the crew fresh food. By mid-September the expedition had crossed the Indian Ocean and arrived in Calicut.
Da Gama's old adversary, the Hindu prince of Calicut known as the Zamorin, seemed to be interested in Cabral's offer of trade. He gave the Portuguese a warehouse and a residence in the town. The group of merchants who had come with Cabralwent ashore to live there, together with three Catholic missionaries. The Arab merchants who had been trading in Calicut for years were not pleased at the new competition. On the night of December 16, they came in a mob several thousand strong, attacked the Portuguese living ashore, and killed most of them.
The furious Cabral ordered his sailors to capture ten Muslim ships from the harbor, confiscate their cargoes, burn them, and kill the 500 men who were aboard them. On one vessel were three elephants, which the Portuguese slaughtered and ate. Then they bombarded Calicut with cannon fire. With Gaspar of India steering the flagship, they sailed to the city of Cochin, burning two more Muslim ships along the way.
The king of Cochin was an old enemy of the Zamorin. He was happy to help Cabral stuff his ships with valuable goods--cinnamon, ginger, pepper, cloves, camphor, amber, opium, and myrrh, as well as pearls, rubies, diamonds, perfume, and fine cloth. The Portuguese sailed for home just as a fleet of warships arrived from Calicut to take revenge.
Cabral's fleet, minus two ships that had foundered on the way back, entered Lisbon in July 1501 with more good news for King Manoel. In addition to Cochin, the cities of Carangolos and Cannanore were willing to do business with him. If Portugal invested enough money and manpower, it might become as prosperous as Venice, which for centuries had controlled most of the trade between Europe and India. Cabral himself went back to his estate in eastern Portugal and lived there until his death in 1520.

Citation:


Pedro Álvares Cabral (ca. 1467-1520) was a Portuguese navigator who discovered Brazil on a voyage to India.
Born on the family estate in Belmonte, Pedro Álvares Cabral grew up close to the Portuguese court. As a nobleman, he served in the council of King Manuel I and received the habit of the Order of Christ. Little is known of his activities before 1499, when Manuel appointed him the chief captain of a fleet being prepared to sail to India to follow the maritime route to the East charted by Vasco da Gama on his historical voyage of 1497-1499.
Amid colorful pageantry 13 ships with 1,200 men sailed from the Tagus River on March 8, 1500, en route to India. On April 22 the fleet unexpectedly sighted land in the west at 17° South latitude. Cabral explored the coast and claimed the new land for his sovereign. He christened it Ilha de Vera Cruz. Merchants, quickly attracted to its plentiful stands of brazilwood, the source of an excellent red dye, called it Terra do Brasil, and the name Brazil gained popular acceptance.
Cabral's discovery has raised a series of historical questions which have never been properly answered. Was he the first to reach Brazil or had the Spanish or French made prior visits? Had Portugal previously discovered Brazil and protected that discovery with secrecy? Did Cabral--who was far off the prescribed course to India--discover Brazil accidentally or intentionally? There is room for much speculation on each of these questions, but lack of documentary evidence to the contrary leads to the conclusion that Cabral was the first to discover Brazil and that he did so accidentally. The first cartographic notification of Cabral's discovery was the Cantino chart, finished no later than 1502.
After dispatching news of his discovery to King Manuel, Cabral proceeded to India, where he established a trading post at Cochin. He then returned to Lisbon laden with the coveted spices of the East. He helped to prepare the next fleet for India, which sailed under the command of Vasco da Gama. Cabral then apparently retired to his estate at Jardim, near Santarém, where he died about 1520.

FURTHER READINGS
  • The most complete information on Cabral and his voyage to the East is the translation, with an introduction and notes, by William Brooks Greenlee of The Voyage of Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil and India: From Contemporary Documents and Narratives (1938). See also Edgar Prestage, The Portuguese Pioneers (1933); Charles David Ley, ed., Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663(1947); and Gilbert Renault, Caravels of Christ (1959).
SOURCE CITATION
"Pedro Álvares Cabral." Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.
Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009. http:/galenetzperiodzgalegroupzperiodzcom/servlet/BioRC
Pedro Alvares Cabral was born in the village of Belmonte, in the center of Portugal near the Spanish border, in 1467. At the age of 17 he was sent to serve at the Portuguese court and seems to have risen rapidly in the esteem of the two monarchs he served.
It was during Cabral's years at court that the Portuguese were making the great discoveries that were to open up the ocean routes between Europe and Asia. Bartolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1488, and Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498. On da Gama's return to Portugal in September 1498, the Portuguese king decided to send out another expedition immediately to India to take advantage of the new trading opportunities that had been opened up. Although da Gama would have been the logical choice to lead such a venture, he apparently still needed to recover from his recent voyage and, perhaps at his suggestion, Cabral was chosen instead.
Cabral left Lisbon on March 9, 1500 at the head of a fleet of 13 ships, much large than that of da Gama. They reached the Cape Verde Islands off the coast of Africa on March 22. On da Gama's advice Cabral then sailed farther westward to avoid doldrums and contrary currents that had plagued the earlier expedition. As a result, on April 22, the Wednesday before Easter, he sighted land--Brazil.
On the day after this landfall Cabral sent a boat ashore, and the Portuguese took possession of what was to become the major colony of their empire and one of the world's great nations. Because of this, Cabral is generally credited with the discovery of Brazil in spite of the fact that the Spanish explorers Alonso de Ojeda, Amerigo Vespucci, and Vicente Yañez Pinzón had sighted land along what is now the north coast of the Republic of Brazil. Cabral's claim depends on the fact that he sighted land in what was to become the center of the country (in the present-day state of Bahia), that it was not an extension of the northern coast already visited by several explorers, and that he and his men actually went ashore.
What is much less certain is whether Cabral was surprised to find land where he did. In fact, the land he found had already been given to Portugal. Shortly after the return of Christopher Columbus, Spain and Portugal had signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in June 1494 that divided the new discoveries they were making between them. It split the world in half: Portugal essentially got Africa and Asia, and Spain took the Americas. But the dividing line was set at a point 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. Because of the hump that Brazil makes, it was actually in the Portuguese sphere. Did the Portuguese already know that? Had Cabral been sent to find land that the Portuguese already knew existed? There is no definitive answer, but the consensus seems to be that his discovery was accidental.
Cabral stayed on the coast of Brazil from April 22, 1500 to May 2. The ceremony taking possession actually took place on May 1, and Cabral named the land Vera Cruz, the land of the True Cross. It quickly became known as Brazil because its earliest export was brazilwood, a forest product that was used to make red dye. When Cabral left on May 2, he left behind two Portuguese convicts who were supposed to stay and report on the land and the people. They were never heard of again.
After Cabral left Brazil, his fleet was hit by a storm on May 24 in the South Atlantic that sank four of his ships, including one captained by Bartolomeu Dias. The rest were separated and sailed for 20 days in stormy weather, unable to raise their sails. Cabral sailed south of the Cape of Good Hope and finally touched land at Sofala, in Mozambique with only two other ships remaining in his fleet. They met up with three more on July 20 at the port of Mozambique. They then sailed up the east coast of Africa, stopping at the trading ports of Kilwa on July 26, 1500 (where they were treated like pirates) and Malindi on August 2 (where they were welcomed).
From Malindi the Portuguese fleet sailed across the Indian Ocean to the small island of Anjediva on the southwest coast of India. They reached there on August 22 and stayed for 15 days, resting and repairing their ships. They then headed south for the great trading center of Calicut (Kozhikode), where they arrived on September 13.
The merchants of Calicut were not at all pleased at the arrival of the Portuguese, because the new trade route threatened the monopoly they had on the spice trade with Europe. After the Portuguese built a trading post on land, it was attacked and 50 men were killed. Cabral then seized 10 Arab ships and bombarded the city with his guns. Since he had still not traded for the goods he wanted, he sailed south to the port of Cochin (present-day Kozhikode). Cochin was an enemy of Calicut, so its inhabitants were happy to receive the Portuguese traders. They were able to fill up their ships with merchandise and left the town in early January 1501.
On the return voyage, one of Cabral's ships was lost off the coast of Africa, and they met up with another ship that had been separated during the Atlantic storm. The ships in Cabral's expedition drifted back into Lisbon harbor during June and July 1501. The merchandise they brought back was extremely valuable, and the expedition had proved that there was a way to trade with Asia via the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The king sent out another expedition in February 1502, this time once again under the command of Vasco da Gama.
Cabral retired to manage a small estate near the Portuguese city of Santarém. He married in 1503 and had six children. He died, probably in 1519, and was buried in a monastery in Santarém. FURTHER READINGS
  • The documentary records of Cabral's voyage have been published in W.B. Greenlee, ed. The Voyage of Pedro Alvares Cabral to Brazil and India (London: Hakluyt Society, 1937).
  • The American historian of the early maritime exploration of the Americas, Samuel Eliot Morison, discusses Cabral in Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940). Other books about the early Portuguese voyages to India naturally include chapters on Cabral: Edgar Prestage, The Portuguese Pioneers (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1933; reprinted 1966); G.R. Crone, The Discovery of the East (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972); Christopher Bell, Portugal and the Quest for the Indies (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).

1 answer


he was greeted :D When Vasco da Gama arrived in Lisbon in the fall of 1499, after going all the way to India and back again, he had good news for Portugal's King Manoel. The port cities of India were busy marketplaces for Asian products such as spices, gems, and medicinal herbs. The prince of the city of Calicut had reluctantly agreed to sell these products to the Portuguese, as well as to the Arab merchants with whom he usually did business.

Immediately King Manoel put together a trading expedition. The weary da Gama declined the honor of commanding it. In his place, the king chose a young nobleman, Pedro Alvares Cabral. On March 9, 1500, Cabral set sail from Lisbon with a fleet of thirteen ships manned by 1,500 sailors. One of his captains was Bartolomeu Dias, the veteran explorer who had been the first to go around the Cape of Good Hope. On board as special advisor was Gaspar of India, the master mariner whom da Gama had captured on his trip. [See the articles on Dias, da Gama, and Gaspar.]

Following the advice of da Gama and Dias, Cabralheaded in a wide curve toward the west, intending to come back eastward toward Africa when he was closer to the Cape of Good Hope. This maneuver was intended to help the expedition take advantage of the strongest winds. At the widest point of the curve, the sailors sighted land, to which Cabral gave the name Island of the True Cross. In fact, it was no island, but the coast of South America, where Brazil is now.

The Portuguese set up a cross and said a Mass before an audience of uncomprehending but friendly tribespeople. When they set sail again, they left behind two convicts who were assigned to learn the local language and convert as many people as they could. They were probably eaten instead, for these tribes practiced cannibalism.

No one knows for sure whether Cabral came to Brazil by mistake or by intention. Previous sailors had sighted land in that area, and the Portuguese had an agreement with Spain that gave Portugal all the land east of an imaginary line drawn at 46 degrees 37 minutes of longitude. Cabral may have had secret orders from King Manoel to see what he could find.

Cabral sent a ship back to the king with news of the discovery, and he and his fleet went on toward the Cape of Good Hope. This was the place that Bartolomeu Dias had wanted to call "Cabo Tormentoso," the Stormy Cape. As they approached it, they were hit by a hurricane that capsized four of the ships. Bartholomeu Dias was among the dead. One of the surviving ships was blown far to the east and eventually landed on the island of Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa, where no Europeans had ever been seen before. The other ships found their way around the Cape of Good Hope and were reunited some months later in Mozambique. They continued northwards along the east coast of Africa, headed for the city of Malindi (in present-day Kenya), whose ruler had given Vasco da Gama a promise of help for the Portuguese.

King Manoel had instructed Cabral to capture Muslim ships and take their cargoes. Cabral now began to carry out this part of his mission. The first two ships he captured he had to give back; they were owned by one of the cousins of the king of Malindi. To the king himself Cabralsent expensive gifts, and in exchange the king gave the crew fresh food. By mid-September the expedition had crossed the Indian Ocean and arrived in Calicut.

Da Gama's old adversary, the Hindu prince of Calicut known as the Zamorin, seemed to be interested in Cabral's offer of trade. He gave the Portuguese a warehouse and a residence in the town. The group of merchants who had come with Cabral went ashore to live there, together with three Catholic missionaries. The Arab merchants who had been trading in Calicut for years were not pleased at the new competition. On the night of December 16, they came in a mob several thousand strong, attacked the Portuguese living ashore, and killed most of them.

The furious Cabral ordered his sailors to capture ten Muslim ships from the harbor, confiscate their cargoes, burn them, and kill the 500 men who were aboard them. On one vessel were three elephants, which the Portuguese slaughtered and ate. Then they bombarded Calicut with cannon fire. With Gaspar of India steering the flagship, they sailed to the city of Cochin, burning two more Muslim ships along the way.

The king of Cochin was an old enemy of the Zamorin. He was happy to help Cabral stuff his ships with valuable goods--cinnamon, ginger, pepper, cloves, camphor, amber, opium, and myrrh, as well as pearls, rubies, diamonds, perfume, and fine cloth. The Portuguese sailed for home just as a fleet of warships arrived from Calicut to take revenge.

Cabral's fleet, minus two ships that had foundered on the way back, entered Lisbon in July 1501 with more good news for King Manoel. In addition to Cochin, the cities of Carangolos and Cannanore were willing to do business with him. If Portugal invested enough money and manpower, it might become as prosperous as Venice, which for centuries had controlled most of the trade between Europe and India. Cabral himself went back to his estate in eastern Portugal and lived there until his death in 1520.

Citation:

Pedro Álvares Cabral (ca. 1467-1520) was a Portuguese navigator who discovered Brazil on a voyage to India. Born on the family estate in Belmonte, Pedro Álvares Cabral grew up close to the Portuguese court. As a nobleman, he served in the council of King Manuel I and received the habit of the Order of Christ. Little is known of his activities before 1499, when Manuel appointed him the chief captain of a fleet being prepared to sail to India to follow the maritime route to the East charted by Vasco da Gama on his historical voyage of 1497-1499. Amid colorful pageantry 13 ships with 1,200 men sailed from the Tagus River on March 8, 1500, en route to India. On April 22 the fleet unexpectedly sighted land in the west at 17° South latitude. Cabral explored the coast and claimed the new land for his sovereign. He christened it Ilha de Vera Cruz. Merchants, quickly attracted to its plentiful stands of brazilwood, the source of an excellent red dye, called it Terra do Brasil, and the name Brazil gained popular acceptance. Cabral's discovery has raised a series of historical questions which have never been properly answered. Was he the first to reach Brazil or had the Spanish or French made prior visits? Had Portugal previously discovered Brazil and protected that discovery with secrecy? Did Cabral--who was far off the prescribed course to India--discover Brazil accidentally or intentionally? There is room for much speculation on each of these questions, but lack of documentary evidence to the contrary leads to the conclusion that Cabral was the first to discover Brazil and that he did so accidentally. The first cartographic notification of Cabral's discovery was the Cantino chart, finished no later than 1502. After dispatching news of his discovery to King Manuel, Cabral proceeded to India, where he established a trading post at Cochin. He then returned to Lisbon laden with the coveted spices of the East. He helped to prepare the next fleet for India, which sailed under the command of Vasco da Gama. Cabral then apparently retired to his estate at Jardim, near Santarém, where he died about 1520. * The most complete information on Cabral and his voyage to the East is the translation, with an introduction and notes, by William Brooks Greenlee of The Voyage of Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil and India: From Contemporary Documents and Narratives(1938). See also Edgar Prestage, The Portuguese Pioneers(1933); Charles David Ley, ed., Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663 (1947); and Gilbert Renault, Caravels of Christ (1959). "Pedro Álvares Cabral." Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.

Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Pedro Alvares Cabral was born in the village of Belmonte, in the center of Portugal near the Spanish border, in 1467. At the age of 17 he was sent to serve at the Portuguese court and seems to have risen rapidly in the esteem of the two monarchs he served. It was during Cabral's years at court that the Portuguese were making the great discoveries that were to open up the ocean routes between Europe and Asia. Bartolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1488, and Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498. On da Gama's return to Portugal in September 1498, the Portuguese king decided to send out another expedition immediately to India to take advantage of the new trading opportunities that had been opened up. Although da Gama would have been the logical choice to lead such a venture, he apparently still needed to recover from his recent voyage and, perhaps at his suggestion, Cabral was chosen instead. Cabral left Lisbon on March 9, 1500 at the head of a fleet of 13 ships, much large than that of da Gama. They reached the Cape Verde Islands off the coast of Africa on March 22. On da Gama's advice Cabral then sailed farther westward to avoid doldrums and contrary currents that had plagued the earlier expedition. As a result, on April 22, the Wednesday before Easter, he sighted land--Brazil. On the day after this landfall Cabral sent a boat ashore, and the Portuguese took possession of what was to become the major colony of their empire and one of the world's great nations. Because of this, Cabral is generally credited with the discovery of Brazil in spite of the fact that the Spanish explorers Alonso de Ojeda, Amerigo Vespucci, and Vicente Yañez Pinzón had sighted land along what is now the north coast of the Republic of Brazil. Cabral's claim depends on the fact that he sighted land in what was to become the center of the country (in the present-day state of Bahia), that it was not an extension of the northern coast already visited by several explorers, and that he and his men actually went ashore. What is much less certain is whether Cabral was surprised to find land where he did. In fact, the land he found had already been given to Portugal. Shortly after the return of Christopher Columbus, Spain and Portugal had signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in June 1494 that divided the new discoveries they were making between them. It split the world in half: Portugal essentially got Africa and Asia, and Spain took the Americas. But the dividing line was set at a point 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. Because of the hump that Brazil makes, it was actually in the Portuguese sphere. Did the Portuguese already know that? Had Cabral been sent to find land that the Portuguese already knew existed? There is no definitive answer, but the consensus seems to be that his discovery was accidental. Cabral stayed on the coast of Brazil from April 22, 1500 to May 2. The ceremony taking possession actually took place on May 1, and Cabral named the land Vera Cruz, the land of the True Cross. It quickly became known as Brazil because its earliest export was brazilwood, a forest product that was used to make red dye. When Cabral left on May 2, he left behind two Portuguese convicts who were supposed to stay and report on the land and the people. They were never heard of again. After Cabral left Brazil, his fleet was hit by a storm on May 24 in the South Atlantic that sank four of his ships, including one captained by Bartolomeu Dias. The rest were separated and sailed for 20 days in stormy weather, unable to raise their sails. Cabral sailed south of the Cape of Good Hope and finally touched land at Sofala, in Mozambique with only two other ships remaining in his fleet. They met up with three more on July 20 at the port of Mozambique. They then sailed up the east coast of Africa, stopping at the trading ports of Kilwa on July 26, 1500 (where they were treated like pirates) and Malindi on August 2 (where they were welcomed). From Malindi the Portuguese fleet sailed across the Indian Ocean to the small island of Anjediva on the southwest coast of India. They reached there on August 22 and stayed for 15 days, resting and repairing their ships. They then headed south for the great trading center of Calicut (Kozhikode), where they arrived on September 13. The merchants of Calicut were not at all pleased at the arrival of the Portuguese, because the new trade route threatened the monopoly they had on the spice trade with Europe. After the Portuguese built a trading post on land, it was attacked and 50 men were killed. Cabral then seized 10 Arab ships and bombarded the city with his guns. Since he had still not traded for the goods he wanted, he sailed south to the port of Cochin (present-day Kozhikode). Cochin was an enemy of Calicut, so its inhabitants were happy to receive the Portuguese traders. They were able to fill up their ships with merchandise and left the town in early January 1501. On the return voyage, one of Cabral's ships was lost off the coast of Africa, and they met up with another ship that had been separated during the Atlantic storm. The ships in Cabral's expedition drifted back into Lisbon harbor during June and July 1501. The merchandise they brought back was extremely valuable, and the expedition had proved that there was a way to trade with Asia via the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The king sent out another expedition in February 1502, this time once again under the command of Vasco da Gama. Cabral retired to manage a small estate near the Portuguese city of Santarém. He married in 1503 and had six children. He died, probably in 1519, and was buried in a monastery in Santarém. * The documentary records of Cabral's voyage have been published in W.B. Greenlee, ed. The Voyage of Pedro Alvares Cabral to Brazil and India(London: Hakluyt Society, 1937). * The American historian of the early maritime exploration of the Americas, Samuel Eliot Morison, discusses Cabral in Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940). Other books about the early Portuguese voyages to India naturally include chapters on Cabral: Edgar Prestage, The Portuguese Pioneers (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1933; reprinted 1966); G.R. Crone, The Discovery of the East (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972); Christopher Bell, Portugal and the Quest for the Indies (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).

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You can use remote installation or RIS

following are the steps to follow

You can use Remote Installation Services (RIS) for Windows 2000 to install a local copy of the operating system to other computers from remote locations. You can start up your computer, contact a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server for an Internet Protocol (IP) address, and then contact a boot server to install the operating system.

RIS requires several other services. These services can be installed on individual servers, or all of these services can be installed on a single server. The type of installation depends upon your network design:

DNS server: RIS relies on DNS for locating the directory service and client computer accounts. You can use any Windows 2000 Active Directory service-compliant DNS server, or you can use the DNS server that is provided with Windows 2000 Server.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server: RIS requires an active DHCP server on the network. The remote boot-enabled clients receive an IP address from the DHCP server before they contact RIS.

Active Directory: RIS relies on Windows 2000 Active Directory for locating existing clients as well as existing RIS servers. RIS must be installed on a Windows 2000-based server that has access to Active Directory, for example, a domain controller or a server that is a member of a domain with access to Active Directory.

Using RIS

To ensure a successful installation, you must install and configure the additional services previously described for RIS to function. Also, ensure that you have both the Windows 2000 Server and Windows 2000 Professional CD-ROMs available. The following steps are an overview of how to set up and configure the RIS process.

Installing RIS

On Windows 2000 Server, click Start, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.

Double-click Add/Remote Programs.

Double-click Add/Remove Windows Components.

Scroll down and click Remote Installation Services, and then click Next.

Insert the Windows 2000 Server CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive, and then click OK. The necessary files are copied to the server.

NOTE: After you insert the CD-ROM, a dialog box is displayed that prompts you to upgrade the operating system. Click No, and then close this screen.

Click Finish to end the wizard.

When you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes.

When the server has restarted, log on to the computer as a local administrator.

Setting up RIS

Click Start, click Run, and then type: risetup.exe to start the Remote Installation Services Setup Wizard.

When the Welcome screen is displayed, which indicates some of the requirements to successfully install RIS, click Next.

The next screen prompts you to enter the server drive and folder where you want to install the RIS files. The default drive and folder are going to be on the largest NTFS-formatted drive that is neither a system nor a boot drive. In this example, this drive is: E:\RemoteInstall. Then, click Next.

NOTE: The drive on which you want to install RIS must be formatted with the NTFS file system. RIS requires a significant amount of disk space and cannot be installed on the same drive or partition on which Windows 2000 Server is installed. Ensure that the selected drive contains enough free disk space for at least 1 full Windows 2000 Professional CD-ROM. That CD-ROM must contain a minimum of 800 megabytes (MB) to 1 gigabyte (GB) of disk space.

The next screen enables you to configure client support. By default, the RIS server does not support clients until you have set up RIS and configured the server. If you want the server to begin supporting clients immediately after the setup of RIS, select the Respond to clients requesting service option. If you select this option, the server can respond to clients and provide them with operating system installation options. If you do not select this option, the RIS server does not respond to the clients that request service.

The Setup Wizard prompts you for the location of the Windows 2000 Professional installation files. RIS supports only the remote installation of Windows 2000 Professional. Insert the Windows 2000 Professional CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive of the server, and then enter the drive letter that contains the CD-ROM or browse to a network share that contains the installation source files. Then, click Next.

The wizard prompts you to enter the folder name that contains the workstation files on the RIS server. This folder is created beneath the folder that is specified in the preceding step 3. The folder name must reflect its contents, for example, Win2000.pro. Click Next to accept the default name of Win2000.pro.

You are prompted for a "friendly" description and help text that describes this operating system image. For this example, click Next to accept the default name of Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional.

You are presented with a summary screen that indicates the choices that you have made. Click Finish to confirm your choices. When the installation wizard is complete, you can either service clients, or configure the RIS settings.

The wizard installs the service and settings that you have selected. This process takes several minutes. When this process is finished, click Done.

When RIS is successfully installed, you must authorize the RIS server in Active Directory. If you do not authorize the RIS server, it cannot service clients that request a network service boot. The next section outlines these steps.

Authorizing RIS in Active Directory

To authorize an RIS server in Active Directory, you must be logged on to your computer as an enterprise administrator or a domain administrator of the root domain. You can complete the following steps on any domain controller, member server of the domain, or a Windows 2000 Professional-based workstation that has installed the Administrator Tools Package that contains the DHCP Server Management snap-in. This section describes the authorization process on a domain controller:

Click Start, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click DHCP to activate the DHCP snap-in.

Right-click DHCP in the upper-left corner of the DHCP screen, and then click Manage Authorized Servers. If your server is not already listed, click Authorize, and then enter the IP address of the RIS server. Click Yes when you are prompted to verify that the address is correct.NOTE: If you authorize the RIS server on a computer that is not a domain controller, use the following steps to install the Administrator Tools Package: Click Start, click Run, and then type: adminpak.msi on a server network. From a Windows 2000 Professional-based computer, run the Adminpak.msi program from the Windows 2000 Server CD-ROM.

Setting the Required User Permissions

The permissions that are granted by using the following steps can enable users to create computer accounts anywhere in the domain:

Click Start, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Active Directory Users and Computers.

Right-click the domain name that is listed at the top of the snap-in, and then select the Delegate Control option. After a wizard starts, click Next.

Click Add to add the users who are able to install their own computers by using Microsoft Windows 2000 Remote OS Installation.

Select the necessary users, click Add, and then click OK.

Click Next to continue.

Select the Join a Computer to the Domain option, and then click Next.

Click Finish. Users can create computer account objects during the operating system installation by using the RIS service.

NOTE: You can either use the default RIS settings and immediately begin servicing clients, or you can make changes to the RIS settings first.

Installing Clients By Using Remote Installation

This section describes the steps that are required to successfully install Windows 2000 Professional on a network computer, a managed computer, or a computer that contains a network adapter that is supported by the remote installation boot floppy disk:

Restart your client from either the remote floppy disk or the Pre-Boot Execution Environment (PXE) boot CD-ROM. When you are prompted, press the F12 key to start the download of the Client Installation Wizard.

At the Welcome screen, press ENTER.

For the username, enter a username from the domain. Enter the password and domain name, and then press ENTER to continue.

After you receive a warning message that all data on the client hard disk is going to deleted, press ENTER to continue.

After a computer account and a global unique identification (ID) for this workstation are displayed, press ENTER to begin Setup. Windows 2000 Setup starts.

If you are prompted, type the product key (which is located on the back of the Windows 2000 Professional CD-ROM case), and then click Next.

NOTE: This step can be avoided by specifying the product key in the .sif file. You have successfully configured and installed a remote operating system by using RIS. Refer to the following section for additional information about configuration options.

Prestaging

By prestaging the client, the administrator can define a specific computer name, and optionally, the RIS server that can service the client:

Locate the container in the Active Directory service in which you want your client accounts to be created.

Right-click the container, click New, and then click Computer. The New Object-Computer dialog box is displayed.

Enter the computer name and authorize domain-join permissions for the user or security group that contains the user who is going to use the computer that this computer account represents.

In the next dialog box, you are prompted for either the globally unique identifier (GUID) or universally unique identifier (UUID) of the computer itself and whether you intend to use this computer as a managed (Remote OS Installation-enabled) client. Enter either the GUID or UUID, and then click to select the This is a managed computer check box.

The GUID or UUID is a unique 32-character number that is supplied by the manufacturer of the computer, and is stored in the system basic input/output system (BIOS) of the computer. This number is written on the case of the computer, or on the outside of the box that the computer had been shipped in. If you cannot locate this number, run the system BIOS configuration utility. The GUID is stored as part of the system BIOS. Contact your OEM for a VBScript (created with Visual Basic Scripting Edition) that can be used to prestage newly purchased clients in Active Directory for use with Remote OS Installation.

The next screen prompts you to indicate the RIS server that this computer is serviced by. This option can be left blank to indicates that any available RIS server can answer and service this client. If you know the physical location of the specific RIS server and where this computer can be delivered, you can use this option to manually load clients in the RIS servers in your organization as well as segment the network traffic. For example, if a RIS server had been located on the fifth floor of your building, and you are delivering these computers to users on that floor, you can assign this computer to the RIS server on the fifth floor

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The cast of Blocky - 1984 includes: Charlie Carbone as Newsboy Richard Feola as Man in car (1) Robert Guzewicz as Policeman Michael Townsend Wright as Blocky Bess Vincent as Little girl on tricycle

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