Answer - D-Day invasion (6 June 1944): Americans: 1st Inf., 4th Inf., & 29th Inf. divisions; 101st & 82nd Airborne divisions; 2nd Ranger Bttn.. The airborne divisions jumped in during the night/early morning prior to the 6 June landing of the beach invasion units.

British: 3rd Inf., 8th Inf., 22nd Inf., 50th Inf., 6th Airborne Div

Canadian: 3rd Inf., 2nd Armored

Germans: 91st, 709th, 914th, 352nd, 6th Para, 726th, 915th, 736th, 11th Panzer, 711th. (German divisions were usually smaller and in this case, not all elements fought all at once.)

Answer - More Divisions: Here are more divisions that participated in early battle for Normandy, some landed on D-Day +1.

USA: 90 Inf, 2 Inf, 79 Inf

British: 49 Inf, 51 Inf, 3 Inf Div Grp, 27 Indep Armd Bde, 33rd Indep. Armd Bde

German: 12 SS Pz Div, 21 Pz, 243 Inf, 709 Inf, 711 Inf, 716 Inf, 91 Luftlande Div (repeating some listed above)

Aging-related macular weakening (AMD or ARMD), or Macular Degeneration Symptoms or senile macular weakening (SMD an expression which has now happen to be removed) are also names of this condition. Within this issue, the macula that is a portion of the eye that has the retina is affected by pathological situations along with the central vision is affected. This is the a part of vision that a single sees immediately in front of them as opposed to periphery vision that's the vision towards the aspect.

With all the deterioration within the retina, the macula or central portion of the retina that is used in color and detailed sight, for perusing at the same time for pursuits like threading a needle, finalizing a check out or recognizing faces is affected. It is the macula that, as part of the eye as well as the nervous technique, that helps people to have vision that's 20/20, or something very little like an animal far under the soil.

Affecting about 1.seventy five million people or even more in the US, Macular Degeneration Symptoms could be the lead to that leads to one of the most number of people past the age of 55 to become legitimately blind. Due towards the rising population, it really is expected that this quantity will cross the 3 million mark by 2020. This is a major cause for community problem due to an increase inside the total lifestyle expectancy.

The two types of age-related Macular Degeneration Symptoms are:

Dry (atrophic) form: The breakdown of cells that happens gradually inside the macula, causes the central vision to gradually begin blurring and drusen which are round, tiny, single or numerous areas which are yellow-white in color would be the identifiers which are key for that kind that's dry.

An examination of the eye's retina making use of contact lenses which can be especially built, an ophthalmoscope or perhaps a slit-lamp biomicroscope aids detect these places which might be situated in the outer retina at the back with the eye.

Figs can:

1. Help you lose weight. Figs are a good source of fiber, which may have a positive effect on weight management.
2. Fight cancer. The fiber in figs binds to cancer-causing toxins in your colon and keeps them away from the healthy colon cells. Fig leaves also inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells. Postmenopausal women who consume the most fruit fiber may reduce their breast cancer risk by 34%.
3. Promote cardiovascular health. The fiber in figs reduces high cholesterol levels by binding with the bile acids that your body uses to make cholesterol. Fiber isn't absorbed, so when it exits the body in the feces, it takes the cholesterol-containing bile acids with it. As a result, your body ends up with less cholesterol, which your liver then pulls from your blood to make more bile, lowering your cholesterol levels. Eating a high-fiber diet not only reduces your total cholesterol, it also reduces your triglyceride levels (a form in which fats circulate in the bloodstream), and your Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL-the most dangerous form of cholesterol) levels. Fig leaves can also lower levels of triglycerides. Figs are a good source of potassium, a mineral that regulates muscle contraction, including heart rythym, and lowers blood pressure by counteracting the detrimental effects of sodium and regulating fluid balance. The vitamin B6 in figs helps lower levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that is an intermediate product in an important metabolic cycle. Elevated blood levels of homocysteine are a risk factor for heart attack, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease.
4. Build strong bodies. Potassium in figs stores carbohydrates for muscles to use as fuel, promotes regular muscle growth, and maintains the density and strength of bones by decreasing urinary calcium loss. The vitamin B6 in figs supports a wide range of activities in your nervous system, promotes proper breakdown of sugars and starches. Manganese in figs activates enzymes for using several key nutrients, helps synthesize fatty acids and cholesterol, and facilitates protein and carbohydrate metabolism and formation of bone.
5. Fight free radicals. Manganese in figs is a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, which disarms free radicals produced within the mitochondria (the energy production factories within your cells).
6. Reduce insulin dependence in diabetics. Fig leaves have antidiabetic properties and can actually reduce the amount of insulin needed by people with diabetes who require insulin injections.
7. Protect against macular degeneration. Eating 3 or more servings of fruit per day may lower your risk of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), the primary cause of vision loss in older adults, by 36%, compared to persons who consume less than 1.5 servings of fruit daily.

Macular degeneration is an eye disorder that slowly destroys sharp, central vision. This makes it difficult to see fine details and read.

The disease is most common in people over age 60, which is why it is often called age-related macular degeneration (ARMD, or AMD).

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD); AMD; senile macular degeneration (SMD) is an older name that is no longer in common use.

The retina is at the back of the eye. It changes light and images that enter the eye into nerve signals that are sent to the brain. A part of the retina called the macula makes vision sharper and more detailed.

AMD is caused by damage to the blood vessels that supply the macula. This change also harms the macula.

There are two types of AMD:

• Dry AMD occurs when the blood vessels under the macula become thin and brittle. Small yellow deposits, called drusen, form. Almost all people with macular degeneration start with the dry form.
• Wet AMD occurs in only about 10% of people with macular degeneration. New abnormal and very fragile blood vessels grow under the macula. This is called choroidal neovascularization. These vessels leak blood and fluid. This form causes most of the vision loss associated with the condition.

Scientists are not sure what causes AMD. The condition is rare before age 55. It is most often seen in adults 75 years or older.

In addition to heredity, other risk factors are:

• Caucasian race
• Cigarette smoking
• High-fat diet
• Female gender
• Obesity

You may not have any symptoms at first. As the disease gets worse, you may have problems with your central vision.

SYMPTOMS OF DRY AMD:

The most common symptom in dry AMD is blurred vision. Often objects in the central vision look distorted and dim, and colors look faded. You may have trouble reading print or seeing other details, but you can generally see well enough to walk and perform most routine activities.

As the disease becomes worse, you may need more light to read or perform everyday tasks. A blurred spot in the center of vision gradually gets larger and darker.

In the later stages, you may not be able to recognize faces until they are close.

SYMPTOMS OF WET AMD:

The most common early symptom of wet AMD is that straight lines appear distorted and wavy.

There may be a small dark spot in the center of vision that gets larger over time.

Central vision loss can occur very quickly. If this occurs, you will need urgent evaluation by an ophthalmologist with experience in retinal disease.

You will have an eye exam. Drops will be placed into your eyes to widen (dilate) your pupils. The eye doctor will use special lenses to view your retina, blood vessels, and optic nerve.

The eye doctor will look for specific changes in the macula and blood vessels. One of the earliest findings in dry AMD are yellow deposits in the macula, called drusen.

You may be asked to cover one eye and look at a pattern of lines called an Amsler grid. If the straight lines appear wavy, it may be a sign of AMD.

Other tests that may be done include:

• Fluorescein angiogram
• Fundus photography
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

If you have advanced or severe dry AMD, no treatment can restore your vision.

If you have early AMD and do not smoke, a combination of certain vitamins, antioxidants, and zinc may prevent the disease from getting worse. But it cannot give you back any vision that is already lost.

The combination is often called the "AREDS" formula. The recommended supplements contain:

• 500 milligrams of vitamin C
• 400 international units of beta-carotene
• 80 milligrams of zinc
• 2 milligrams of copper

Only take this vitamin combination if your doctor recommends it. Make sure your doctor knows about any other vitamins or supplements you are taking. Smokers should NOT use this treatment.

AREDS may also benefit you if you have a a family history and risk factors for AMD.

The supplements lutein and zeaxanthin may also be helpful, although they are not part of the AREDS formula.

If you have wet AMD, your doctor may recommend:

• Laser surgery (laser photocoagulation) -- a small beam of light destroys the leaking, abnormal blood vessels.
• Photodynamic therapy -- a light activates a drug that is injected into your body to destroy leaking blood vessels.
• Special medications that prevent new blood vessels from forming in the eye (anti-angiogenesis, anti-VEGF therapy) -- drugs such as bevacizumab (Avastin) and ranibizumab (Lucentis) are injected into the eye. This is a painless process.

Low-vision aids (such as special lenses) and therapy can help you use the vision that you have more effectively, and improve your quality of life.

Close follow-up with your eye doctor is important.

• For dry AMD, a complete eye exam should be performed by an eye specialist at least once a year.
• People who have been treated for wet AMD need frequent, perhaps monthly, follow-up visits.

In AMD, early detection of vision changes is very important. Early detection leads to earlier treatment and often, a better outcome.

The best way to detect changes is by self-testing at home with an eye chart, called an Amsler grid. Test each eye individually with the vision correction you normally wear for reading.

AMD Alliance International -- (877) AMD-7171 -- www.amdalliance.org.

AMD typically does not affect side (peripheral) vision. This is very important, because it means complete vision loss never occurs from this disease. This disorder results in the loss of central vision only.

Mild, dry AMD usually does not cause disabling central vision loss. However, there is no way to predict who will develop a more severe form of the disease.

Wet AMD often leads to significant vision loss.

In general, macular degeneration can cause you to lose the ability to read, drive a car, and recognize faces at a distance. Most people with this eye disease are able to eat, bathe, and perform other regular tasks without too much difficulty.

This condition may make it hard to read, work on the computer, or drive. You may need extra light or magnification to do many of your normal activities.

If you have AMD, your health care provider may recommend that you check your vision every day on an Amsler grid. Call your provider immediately if the lines appear wavy, or you notice any other changes in your vision.

Although there is no known way to prevent macular degeneration, lifestyle factors can reduce your risk of developing the condition:

• Don't smoke
• Eat a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables and low in animal fat
• Exercise regularly
• Maintain a healthy weight

See your eye care professional regularly for dilated eye exams.

Benson WE. Acquired macular disease. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Ophthalmology. 15th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2011:chap 23.

Yanoff M, Cameron D. Diseases of the visual system. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 431.

Review Date: 09/16/2011

Franklin W. Lusby, MD, Ophthalmologist, Lusby Vision Institute, La Jolla, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

A standard ophthalmic exam is a series of tests done to check your vision and the health of your eyes.

See also: Refraction test

Routine eye examination; Eye exam - standard; Snellen chart

The eye doctor will ask questions about your overall health and family's medical history. You should tell the doctor if you have noticed any eye problems.

The doctor checks your vision (visual acuity) using a chart of random letters of different sizes. This is called the Snellen chart.

To see inside your eye, the doctor looks through a magnifying glass that has a light on the end (an ophthalmoscope). The device allows the doctor to see the retina and nearby blood vessels, back of the eye (fundus), and optic nerve area.

Sometimes, you'll be given eye drops so that the doctor can better view the back of the eye. Another magnifying device called a slit lamp is used to see the clear surface of the eye (cornea). See: Slit-lamp exam

Different machines and methods test your eye's reaction to light, eye movement, and side (peripheral) vision. To see if you need glasses, the doctor places several lenses in front of your eye, one at a time, and asks you when the letters on the Snellen chart are easier to see.

Color blindnessis tested using multicolored dots that form numbers. See: Color vision test

The doctor checks for glaucoma using a method called tonometry.

Make an appointment with an eye doctor (some take walk-in patients). Avoid eye strain the day of the test. You may need someone to drive you home if the doctor uses eye drops to perform certain eye tests.

The tests cause no pain or discomfort.

You should have regular eye exams. Such exams allow for early detection of eye problems and help determine the cause of vision changes.

Various eye and medical problems can be found by a routine eye test, including glaucoma, cataracts, high blood pressure, macular degeneration, and diabetes. People with diabetes should have their eyes examined at least once a year.

Certain types of work require that you get eye exams. For example, pilots, race car drivers, and military personnel.

• 20/20 (normal) vision
• Ability to differentiate colors
• No signs of glaucoma
• Normal optic nerve, retinal vessels, and fundus

Abnormal results may be due to:

• Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
• Astigmatism
• Blocked tear duct
• Cataracts
• Color blindness
• Corneal abrasion (or dystrophy)
• Corneal ulcers and infections
• Damaged nerves or blood vessels in the eye
• Diabetes-related nerve damage in the eye (diabetic retinopathy)
• Glaucoma
• Hyperopia
• Lazy eye(amblyopia)
• Myopia
• Presbyopia
• Strabismus
• Trauma

This list may not be all-inclusive

If you received drops to dilate your eyes for the ophthalmoscopy, your vision will be blurred and sunlight can damage your eye. Wear dark glasses or shade your eyes to avoid discomfort until the dilation wears off.

Many eye diseases, if detected early, are curable or can be treated.

Dry maculardegeneration is one of two types of age-related maculardegeneration. The other type - wet maculardegeneration - is characterized by swelling caused by leaky blood vessels in the back of the eye. Dry macular degeneration isn't associated with swelling and is the more-common form of the disease.

Dry macular degeneration doesn't cause total blindness, but it worsens your quality of life by blurring or causing a blind spot in your central vision. Clear central vision is necessary for reading, driving and recognizing faces.

Symptoms

Dry macular degeneration symptoms usually develop gradually. You may notice these vision changes:

• The need for increasingly bright light when reading or doing close work
• Increasing difficulty adapting to low light levels, such as when entering a dimly lit restaurant
• Increasing blurriness of printed words
• A decrease in the intensity or brightness of colors
• Difficulty recognizing faces
• A gradual increase in the haziness of your overall vision
• A blurred or blind spot in the center of your field of vision
• Hallucinations of geometric shapes or people, in cases of advanced macular degeneration

Dry maculardegeneration may affect one eye or both eyes. If only one eye is affected, you may not notice any or much change in your vision because your good eye compensates for the weak one.

When to see a doctor

See your eye doctor if:

• You notice changes in your central vision
• Your ability to see colors and fine detail becomes impaired

These changes may be the first indication of maculardegeneration, particularly if you are older than 50.

Macular degeneration is an eye disorder that damages the center of the retina, which is called the macula. This makes it difficult to see fine details.

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD); AMD; senile macular degeneration (SMD) is an older name that is no longer in common use.

The retina is the layer of tissue at the back of the inner eye. It changes light and images that enter the eye into nerve signals that are sent to the brain. The macula is the part of the retina that makes our vision sharper and more detailed.

Macular degeneration is caused by damage to the area around blood vessels that supply the macula. This change in the blood vessels damages the macula.

Two phases of macular degeneration (AMD) exist:

• Dry macular degeneration occurs when the blood vessels under the macula become thin and brittle. Small yellow deposits, called drusen, form under the macula. As these drusen increase in size and number, they create a blurred and dim spot in the central vision of the eye. Almost all people with macular degeneration start with the dry form.
• Wet macular degeneration occurs in only about 10% of people with macular degeneration. Brittle vessels break down and new abnormal and very fragile blood vessels grow under the macula. This is called choroidal neovascularization. These vessels leak blood and fluid, which leads to damage of the macula. Although only about 10 percent of people with macular degeneration have this form, it causes most of the vision loss associated with the condition.

Scientists aren't sure what causes AMD. The disease is most common in people over 60, which is why it is often referred to as age-related macular degeneration.

In addition to heredity, other risk factors are:

• Caucasian race
• Cigarette smoking
• High-fat diet
• Female gender
• Obesity

At first you may not have symptoms. As the disease progresses, your central vision may be affected.

The most common symptom in dry AMD is blurred vision. This is limited to the center of the field of vision. Often objects in the central vision look distorted and dim, and colors look faded. A patient may have trouble reading print or seeing other details, but can generally see well enough to walk and perform most routine activities.

As the disease becomes worse, you may need more light to read or perform everyday tasks. The blurred spot in the center of vision gradually gets larger and darker. In the later stages, you may not be able to recognize faces until people are close to you.

AMD typically does not affect side (peripheral) vision. This is very important, because it means you will never have complete vision loss from this disease.

The most common early symptom of wet macular degeneration is that straight lines appear distorted and wavy. You may also notice a small dark spot in the center of your vision that gradually gets larger. Central vision loss can occur very quickly. If this occurs, you urgently need evaluation by an ophthalmologist with experience in retina disease.

If you are over age 60 and you've had changes in vision, your eye care provider will do an examination. During the exam, the doctor will use drops to enlarge (dilate) your pupils, and a special lens to view your retina and optic nerve.

The doctor will look for changes in the blood vessels and the membrane that surrounds them. This may show drusen, the yellow deposits that form on this membrane in dry macular degeneration.

You may be asked to cover one eye and look at a pattern of lines called an Amsler grid. If the straight lines appear wavy, it may be a sign of AMD.

Other tests for macular degeneration may include:

• Fluorescein angiogram
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

No treatment exists for dry macular degeneration. However, a combination of vitamins, antioxidants, and zinc may slow the progression of the disease. This combination of vitamins is often called the "AREDS" formula. Smokers should not use this treatment.

The recommended supplements contain:

• 500 milligrams of vitamin C
• 400 international units of beta-carotene
• 80 milligrams of zinc
• 2 milligrams of copper

Although there is no cure for wet AMD, treatments may include:

• Laser surgery (laser photocoagulation) -- a small beam of light destroys the abnormal blood vessels.
• Photodynamic therapy -- a light activates a drug that is injected into your body to destroy leaking blood vessels.
• Special medications that slow the formation of new blood vessels in the eye (anti-angiogenesis, anti-VEGF therapy) -- drugs such as bevacizumab (Avastin) and ranibizumab (Lucentis) are injected into the eye to stabilize or improve vision. This is a painless process.

Low-vision aids (such as special lenses) and therapy can help you use the vision that you have more effectively, and improve your quality of life.

AMD Alliance International -- (877) AMD-7171 -- www.amdalliance.org.

Most people with mild dry macular degeneration will not have disabling central vision loss. However, there is no way to predict who will progress to a more severe form of the disease.

The wet form of macular degeneration often leads to significant vision loss.

Although macular degeneration can cause people to lose the ability to read, drive a car, and recognize faces that are not very close, it never causes complete blindness. This disorder results in the loss of central vision only -- macular degeneration cannot cause peripheral vision loss.

Nearly everyone with macular degeneration can get around, eat, perform personal hygiene, and do other routine activities without too much difficulty.

Loss of central vision may interfere with many daily activities, such as reading, working on the computer, or driving. You may need extra light or magnification to perform many of your normal activities.

If you have AMD, your health care provider may recommend that you check your vision every day on an Amsler grid. Call your provider immediately if the lines appear wavy, or you notice any other changes in your vision.

Although there is no known way to prevent macular degeneration, lifestyle factors can reduce your risk of developing the condition:

• Don't smoke
• Eat a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables and low in animal fat
• Exercise regularly
• Maintain a healthy weight

See your eye care professional regularly for dilated eye exams.

American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern in Macular Degeneration.

The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS).

Gohel PS, Mandava N, Olson JL, Durairaj VD. Age-related macular degeneration: an update on treatment. Am J Med. 2008;121(4):279-281.

Martidis A, Tennant MTS. Age-related macular degeneration. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, Augsburger JJ, et al., eds. Ophthalmology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2004:chap 125.