You would find it either at the front or centre of the sanctuary.
There is no special requirement for the outside of a synagogue.
It's the curtain in front of the Holy Ark.
It is placed in the front in the synagogue.
You can tell a Orthodox Synagogue is an Orthodox Synagogue because a Orthodox Synagogue has the seats for men on the floor at the sides and the back, and the womans seats on a balcony up top, and the reading desk and the bimah are in the centre. Other than a Liberal/Reform Synagogue because a Liberal/Reform Synagogue has the men and the women sit together, and the reading desk at the side in-front of the seats for the men and women.
The bimah or bema in a is raised so everyone in the room can see and hear the person standing there. The bimah is the raised platform in a synagogue that holds the reading table where the Torah is unrolled for reading. Most of a synagogue service is frequently led from the bimah. Different architectural traditioins place the bimah in the rear, center or front of the synagogue.
There is no special word for the steps in a synagogue. You may be thinking of the raised platform in the front or center of the chapel which is called a bima.
Historical synagogues are those that have a special place in history. So, the first synagogue in any particular country would be classified as historical, as would the oldest surviving synagogue in that country. Good examples would be the Touro Synagogue in Rhode Island, the Rashi Synagogue in Worms and the Old New Synagogue in Prague. Any synagogue where someone historically important would also qualify. So, for example, the Ramban Synagogue in Jerusalem, founded by the great medieval rabbi Nachmanides, would qualify. Ancient synagogues that are now merely archaeological sites are another category that would qualify.
There is no required position for the Star of David in a Jewish synagogue. In many synagogues, the Star of David is positioned towards the front, but this is not a requirement.
Yes. Medvedev visited a synagogue in Birobidjan. See the Related Link below.
Assuming the questioner is asking where the 10 Statements are located in a synagogue, the answer is that if a synagogue has the 10 Statements on display, they are usually located on or above the ark containing the Torahs at the front of the prayer sanctuary.
Often it is placed in the front, near the lectern at which the person stands who leads the prayers.