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Rashi commentary (on Genesis 11:1) states that the common language was Hebrew. Some explain this to mean that together with their other languages, everyone had Hebrew as a lingua franca (Torah Temimah commentary, ibid).
Was the Tower of Babel real?
Very recently, the Smithsonian institute has published fascinating evidence of the Tower of Babel. To see this, go to the Smithsonian website, and enter Tower of Babel in the site's internal search.
And anyway:"Although critics contended that the Hebrew Bible is untrustworthy, time and time again, the archaeological record supports places, times, and events mentioned in Scripture." (Professor John Arthur Thompson, The Bible and Archaeology). The personal names Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are names of the time and area mentioned in the Bible (ibid).
"One city after another, one civilization after another, one culture after another, who were known only from the Bible, have been restored to their place in ancient history through archaeology" (Prof. Gleason Archer, A Survey of Old Testament Introduction).
No parchment, scroll, or inscription has ever been found that would support the Bible-critics' JEPD (different sources) hypothesis, which remains a set of mere postulates. And those ancient writers who mention, describe, summarize or translate the Torah (Josephus, Samaritans, Targum, Septuagint etc.), describe it in its complete form.
Archaeological finds, such as the Ugarit documents and those of Nuzu, Mari, Susa, Ebla, and Tel el-Amarna, have repeatedly caused the critics to retract their claims. The entire social milieu portrayed in the Torah, once criticized as anachronistic, has been shown to be accurate, including customs of marriage, adoption, contracts, inheritance, purchases, utensils, modes of travel, people's names and titles, etc. Professor Gleason Archer states: "In case after case where inaccuracy was alleged as proof of late and spurious authorship of the biblical documents, the Hebrew record has been vindicated by the results of excavations, and the condemnatory judgment of the Documentary theorists have been proved to be without foundation."
The answer for this includes the following points:
- Opinion: according to Jewish Oral Tradition, Hebrew was the language of the Garden of Eden, and would have been the language spoken by everyone up until the story of the Tower of Babel
- Fact: The Bible does not say what language was spoken before the Tower of Babel
- Fact: any guesses on the language are just guesses
- Opinion: some scholars say Hebrew had not yet evolved until about 1200 BCE, which is after the traditional date of the writing of the five books of Moses (Torah). There is no way to verify this.
- Opinion: some scholars believe that Hebrew and Old Canaanite were the same language, making Hebrew many thousands of years older than previously thought. There is evidence regarding the similarities, but there is no evidence regarding the age of the languages.
- Opinion: most scholars believe the Tower of Babel story is not factual or literal, and the Biblical accounts are the remnant of a more ancient story widely passed down in the Middle East prior to 1000 BCE.
- Fact: Most people will only accept the answer that conforms with their already-established beliefs. For those people, the answer is Hebrew.
The tradition is that Hebrew was a/the common language. See also the Related Links.
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