There is not a universally common terms.
The "Christian religion" includes a lot of different subgroups... plus there will be titles that are unique to some countries or languages.
A thesaurus such as www.m-w.com will give you different titles such as reverend, father, pastor, minister, preacher ...
The teacher who teaches the priests are prieststhemselves. Priests are trained in a seminary where they deepen their faith, learn more about the church and Jesus Christ and start their journey towards priesthood.
When a priest speaks in Church as part of a Liturgy or Service, it is called a Sermon.
Originally, the priest who was overseeing a church was called a Vicar. The residence for him was called a vicarage. Then, they called the priest overseeing a church a Rector. The residence for him was called a Rectory. Priests still live in a rectory nearby his church.
He is the Priest.
A district under the care of a particular priest or church is called a parish.
pulpit
Sacristy.
Its called as the Alter where the priests stand and preach.
Alter server
A child priest is often referred to as an "altar server" or an "acolyte." These young individuals assist in the rituals and ceremonies of the church.
Yes he was a priest.
The leader of the Jewish faith is called Rabbi.
It was called aGlebe - this was the land assigned to a parish to be used to support the resident priest, it did not include the rectory. The word is peculiar to England and was used in the Catholic Church and later in the Anglican.