It is the Catholic church that celebrates seven sacraments. Most Protestant churches recognise only two: baptism and holy communion. A few Christians do not recognise any sacraments at all, or say that there are an infinite number of sacraments (since a sacrament is just a symbol for some spiritual idea).
Most protestants only regard Baptism and the Eucharist as sacraments.
The Orthodox Church also celebrates the seven sacraments. Some Protestant denominations celebrate some of the sacraments but not all seven.
.The Church OF Ireland is what the same thing as the Church of England, and the Episcopal church in the United States. In other words, it is a Protestant church that basically only considers Baptism and Holy Communion Sacraments, but gives some recognition to the other five. The Church IN Ireland is the Roman Catholic church (to which the majority of Irish belong) and believes in all seven sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Holy Orders, Matrimony, and Unction.
Your question is too broad... it depends upon which "Protestant" church you refer to. ie: we do not consider the "Orthodox" church to be "Protestant" and recognize their Sacraments. Since Vatican II the Catholic Church has been engaged in dialogue with many church bodies on an individual basis.
Judaism doesn't have sacraments and there is no Church in Judaism. Both sacraments and church are strictly Christian entities.
Saint Patrick's Cathedral is a Protestant cathedral. Protestants generally only recognise two sacraments, which are Baptism and Communion. They are available there. IJust in case you are thinking in terms of Catholic sacraments, there is actually no Catholic Cathedral in Dublin. The only other cathedral in Dublin is Christ Church Cathedral, which is also Protestant. There are of course lots of churches in Dublin where the seven Catholic sacraments are available.
The sixteenth century was the upheaval known as the protestant revolt. At that time, the Peace of Westphalia decreed that if a prince left the Catholic Church to become a protestant, then everyone in his kingdom also had to become protestant, thus many sincere Catholics were denied access to the sacraments.
Protestant churches only recognize two sacraments: Baptism and Communion. Baptism begins one's membership in the Church.
Roman Catholic AnswerBecause seven is the number of sacraments that God has established, and it is always better to follow what God decides than what men decide.
The catholics view of church is that the sacraments and mass are saving events. The belief is that the grace of God is actually contained within the mass, sacraments, confession and what not. Protestants are much more likely to view these things as symbols of what God does in the individual life. Protestants think that grace is given by God and the sacraments are just a reminder of that event.
No, the sacraments were initiated by Jesus Christ.