A Jewish "leader" is a Rabbi which means teacher.
The Ashkenazic Jews, call him a Rabbi or Rebbe. While the Sephardic jews call him a Chacham (lit. a wise person). Rabbi and Chacham are their titles as well.
Jewish clergy are commonly called Rabbi.
Rav.
The Jewish people call it as a shofar.
It depends on what language they speak. There is no difference in what Jewish people call their parents and what non-Jewish people call their parents.
The Solo singer or singing leader in Jewish and Christian liturgical music is called the cantor.
Judaism is the source of most of The Bible (the Christians call the Jewish-accepted portions "the Old Testament"), the origin of the concept of Messiah is from Judaism, both are monotheistic religions, and Jesus himself was Jewish and was learned of Jewish traditions and laws--he was a rabbi.
"Rabbi;" literally translated it means "teacher," but its full meaning is "teacher and interpreter of the (Torah) law."
Yes, but it is quite uncommon. Jews typically address one another by name (John) or by title (Rabbi) as opposed to African-Americans who typically use "brother" and "sister".
There have been many different kinds of Hebrew leaders throughout the ages. Here are some options: priest = kohen (כהן) prophet = navi (× ×‘×™×) king = melech (מלך) sage = chacham (חכם) rabbi = rav (רב) cantor = chazzan (חזן)
The Jewish people used to be called Israel, until the political state was established. You can call them the chosen people, or simply 'Jews', in the same way that you would call Mormons 'Mormons'.