Pharmacological action is the therapeutic action of the drug on the body. For example, how the drug acts on the cells, what the drug does to the cells. Whereas the alteration or changes produced after the drug has acted (the action being; how the drug acted and what action did the drug do) on the cells is pharmacologial effect. Simply, in layman's terms pharmacological action is what action the drug can do and the pharmacological effect is what the action of the drug has done.
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Pharmacological action refers to the specific biochemical interactions between a drug and its target in the body, while pharmacological effect is the overall outcome or response produced by these actions, including the therapeutic and side effects of the drug. In other words, the action is the mechanism of how the drug works, while the effect is the result of this action on the body.