Yes. A fracture is a break in bone or cartilage. See the related link for more information.
In general, a broken bone and a fractured bone are the same thing and doctors will use the terms interchangeably.
A fractured arm is an arm that contains one or more broken bones.
A phalanx is a toe bone. Thus a fractured proximal phalanx is a broken toe.
The hypothesis of a broken leg is that you fractured your leg.
Very. It may even be broken.
Well first, if it's broken you will be bruised, swollen and unable to walk. If you sprained it it'll be about the same as fractured, which means pain, but DO NOT continue walking on it, because it will get worse. Go see a doctor and get xrays.
Lack of lubrication or defect in the metal.
Your clavicle, as obviously stated, is what you broke.
Typically no. A broken jaw is when your mandible gets fractured (usually in two places). Your cheek is formed by the zygomatic bone, which is part of your fused skull. But the coronoid process of the mandible is right next to the zygomatic bone, so I guess it might be possible for both to get fractured in the same injury.
More or less the same difference between a broken pencil and an unbroken pencil, except the bone has the potential to heal.
No. It means broken, disintegrated, busted.
Best way to know is to get an xray