Typically several hours to about a day after contact with the poison ivy plant (the leaves or the vine) or oil from the plant.
Note that you can get a poison ivy rash if someone who is not sensitive touches the plant and then gets urushiol (the oil that causes a reaction in some people to poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac) on your skin. You can even get a poison ivy rash from petting your dog or cat after it has brushed up against a poison ivy plant. Also note that the vines and the leaves can contain urushiol long after the plant has died, and burning poison ivy foliage can release the urushiol into the air, potentially causing a poison ivy rash on the inside of your lungs.
If you know that you have come in contact with poison ivy but have not yet developed the rash, you may be able to prevent or reduce the rash by washing in cold water with special soap that binds to the urushiol. However, washing in warm or hot water will spread the urushiol across a larger area of skin.
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