Not necessarily.
No, but the names of individual languages are capitalized.
Earth, as in we live on the planet Earth, is supposed to be capitalized. Earth, as in the dirt we walk on, is not supposed to be capitalized.
Usually, yes a phase of the moon is supposed to be capitalized.
Yes- all the names of the days of the week begin with capital letters.
No, it shouldn't be capitalized.
No it shouldn't be capitalized.
Yes, names of countries are capitalized.
Yes, America should be capitalized.
Yes, book names are typically capitalized. The first word, last word, and all other important words in the title should be capitalized. However, conjunctions, articles, and prepositions are usually not capitalized unless they are the first word of the title.
no
Yes, "Pterodactyl" is supposed to be capitalized as it is a proper noun referring to a specific genus of pterosaur.
Yes, Siamese would be capitalized.