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Ducting. This phenomenon occurs when atmospheric conditions cause microwave signals to be refracted and follow the curvature of the Earth rather than traveling in a straight line. Ducting can result in signals traveling much farther than usual, sometimes hundreds of miles.
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What is the formula for figuring curvature of the earth in any given direction?
The curvature of the Earth in any direction can be calculated using the formula for the Earth's radius of curvature (R), which is given by R = a / β(1 - e^2sinΒ²Ο) where a is the equatorial radius of the Earth and e is the eccentricity of the Earth. By determining the radius of curvature at a specific latitude (Ο), you can find the curvature in that direction.
What is curvature of earth?
The curvature of the Earth refers to the gradual slope or curve of the Earth's surface away from a straight horizontal line. This curvature is what causes the horizon to appear as it does, and it is also a key factor in determining how far one can see to the horizon. The Earth's curvature is most prominent over long distances or when viewing large bodies of water.
What is super refraction?
Super refraction is an atmospheric bending of radio waves that causes them to follow the curvature of the Earth more closely than normal, resulting in an increase in signal strength at a receiver beyond the normal line of sight range. This phenomenon can occur due to temperature inversions in the atmosphere.
How fast must a projectile moving horizontally travel so that the curve it follows matches the curve of the Earth?
To match the curve of the Earth, the projectile must travel at an initial velocity of about 7.9 km/s horizontally. This velocity is equivalent to the orbital velocity necessary for the projectile to continuously fall along the Earth's curvature. Accounting for air resistance and other factors may require adjustments to this initial velocity.
Why do a projectile that moves horizontally at 8 km s follow a curve that matches the curvature of Earth?
A projectile moving horizontally at 8 km/s will follow the curvature of the Earth due to the force of gravity acting perpendicular to its motion. As the projectile moves forward, gravity acts to pull it downward, causing it to follow a curved path consistent with the Earth's curvature. This results in the projectile eventually falling towards the ground as it travels due to the combined effects of its horizontal velocity and gravitational force.
What is the phenomenon where microwave signal follows earth curvature?
Microwave EM radiation travels only in a straight line - line-of-sight/point to point. Bouncing waves off of the ionosphere would accomplish this.
What is the difference between radio horizon and optical horizon?
The radio horizon is the maximum distance at which a communication signal can travel based on the curvature of the Earth and the frequency of the signal. The optical horizon is the farthest point visible to the naked eye due to the Earth's curvature and obstacles such as buildings or mountains. Essentially, radio horizon deals with communication signals while optical horizon pertains to what can be seen with the eye.
When a pilot flies a long distance flight - does the pilot have to descend the plane mid-flight to match the curvature of the Earth?
No. Level flight for an aircraft is not flight in a straight line (vertically) but one that follows the curvature of the earth. It is an arc that maintains the same altitude.
What is the formula for figuring curvature of the earth in any given direction?
The curvature of the Earth in any direction can be calculated using the formula for the Earth's radius of curvature (R), which is given by R = a / β(1 - e^2sinΒ²Ο) where a is the equatorial radius of the Earth and e is the eccentricity of the Earth. By determining the radius of curvature at a specific latitude (Ο), you can find the curvature in that direction.
What are the use of microwave signals?
Microwave frequencies are generally considered to be in the region above 1000 Megahertz, (About 30 cm wavelength.) and as the gain of an antenna depends on it's size in wavelengths, it is possible to make very tightly focused beams at these wavelengths. This then allows low power transmitters to communicate over long distances by aiming a beam of energy at a receiving antenna. The disadvantage is that it is strictly line of sight, so mountains or earth's curvature will block the signal, hence microwave systems are often mounted on towers or tall buildings.
What is a satellite signal?
It's the same information-carrying signal that you'd receive from any microwave station on a tower in a network carrying telephone, television, voice, data, navigation etc. from place to place, except that this microwave repeater happens to be in an artificial satellite that's orbiting the earth.
How long does it take for a microwave radar signal to travel from Earth to the Moon and back?
Approximately 2.5 secs. A 'microwave' is an electro-magnetic radiation, in the same manner as light, and uv. radiation. Being an electro-magnetic radiation it will travel at the speed of light, which is 'c' = 3.8 x 10^8 m/s
How high above the earth do you have to go to see the curvature of the earth?
To see the curvature of the Earth, you would typically need to be at an altitude of around 35,000 feet, which is roughly the cruising altitude of commercial airplanes. At this height, the curvature of the Earth becomes noticeable due to the increased field of vision.
What is terrestrial microwave technology?
Terrestrial microwave technologies share with satellite microwave technologies many of the scientific and technical improvements used to accomplish microwave transmissions. They are different in that satellite microwave technolgies seek to neutralize the effects of the atmosphere in the microwave transmissions. On the other hand, terrestrial micowave technologies seek the aid of atmospheric effects on microwaves to extend the range limitations imposed by the Earth's curvature. Examples of these terrestrial technologies include those used to exploit troposcattering and meteor-burst in microwave communications--not used at all in satellites. Professor Martinez
What is Microwave Technology?
Terrestrial microwave technologies share with satellite microwave technologies many of the scientific and technical improvements used to accomplish microwave transmissions. They are different in that satellite microwave technolgies seek to neutralize the effects of the atmosphere in the microwave transmissions. On the other hand, terrestrial micowave technologies seek the aid of atmospheric effects on microwaves to extend the range limitations imposed by the Earth's curvature. Examples of these terrestrial technologies include those used to exploit troposcattering and meteor-burst in microwave communications--not used at all in satellites. Professor Martinez
What is curvature of earth?
The curvature of the Earth refers to the gradual slope or curve of the Earth's surface away from a straight horizontal line. This curvature is what causes the horizon to appear as it does, and it is also a key factor in determining how far one can see to the horizon. The Earth's curvature is most prominent over long distances or when viewing large bodies of water.
What is the radius for mobile cell on earth curvature?
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