Temperature differences are primarily caused by variations in the amount of solar energy received at different locations on Earth due to factors such as latitude and elevation. Additionally, differences in surface characteristics, such as land cover (e.g. forests vs urban areas) and water bodies, can also influence temperature by affecting the absorption and reflection of solar radiation.
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Convection is caused by temperature differences within a fluid (liquid or gas) and the resulting movement of the fluid due to these temperature variations. The two main factors that drive convection are heat energy transfer and density differences in the fluid.
Temperature differences between two parts can cause heat transfer, leading to energy exchange between the parts and potentially affecting the materials and components in those parts. This differential can create thermal stress, change material properties, or improve or deteriorate performance depending on the application.
The temperature and pressure are two factors that affect the states of matter. Changing the temperature can cause a substance to change from solid to liquid to gas, and adjusting the pressure can also impact the state of matter, such as in the case of phase transitions like sublimation or deposition.
Heat is related to temperature differences. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two systems due to a temperature difference. When there is a temperature gradient between two systems, heat will flow from the warmer system to the cooler system.
Two factors that can affect the temperature of a place are its latitude, which determines the angle of sunlight received, and its proximity to bodies of water, which can moderate temperature due to the water's heat capacity.