The wheels against the ground, the axles against the wheels, the chain against the axles, the pedals against the chain, and your feet against the pedals.
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Frictional forces between the tires and the road surface provide the necessary traction for a bike to move forward. Additionally, friction between the bike chain and gears allows the pedaling motion to transfer power from the rider to the wheels, propelling the bike forward.
When riding a bike, the chemical energy stored in your body from food is converted into kinetic energy as you pedal the bike and move forward. This kinetic energy is then used to overcome frictional forces and propel the bike forward.
The energy used to move most bicycles is an example of mechanical energy. This energy is produced by pedaling to move the bike forward and overcome frictional forces.
Mechanical, gravitational, electrical, magnetic, frictional, and tension forces can do work. These forces can cause an object to move over a distance and transfer energy to or from the object in the process.
The girl going uphill is pushing against gravity and frictional forces. Gravity is pulling her body downward, making it harder for her to move upwards. Frictional forces between her feet and the ground are also opposing the motion, requiring extra effort to overcome.
Some common forces that can act on objects include gravitational, electromagnetic, frictional, tensional, normal, and applied forces. These forces can cause objects to accelerate, deform, or move in various ways depending on their magnitude and direction.