Index of refraction can be calculated using the formula n = c/v, where n is the index of refraction, c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and v is the speed of light in the medium. Just divide the speed of light in a vacuum by the speed of light in the medium to find the index of refraction for that medium.
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You can calculate the index of refraction of a material based on the critical angle using Snell's Law. The equation is n = 1 / sin(critical angle), where n is the index of refraction of the material. The critical angle is the angle at which light is refracted along the boundary between two materials, typically from a more optically dense material to a less dense one.
Increasing the medium's index of refraction will cause the angle of refraction to decrease. This is because light bends more towards the normal as it enters a medium with a higher index of refraction.
As the index of refraction of the bottom material increases, the angle of refraction will decrease. This relationship is governed by Snell's Law, which states that the angle of refraction is inversely proportional to the index of refraction. Therefore, higher index of refraction causes light to bend less when entering a denser medium.
Increasing the medium's index of refraction causes the angle of refraction to decrease when light passes from a medium with a lower index of refraction to a medium with a higher index of refraction. This is due to the relationship described by Snell's Law, which governs the change in direction of a light ray as it passes from one medium to another.
The index of refraction of air at room temperature is approximately 1.0003.