The equation for nitrite is NO2-. To find the valence electrons of each atom, count how many groups from the left of the periodic table (skipping over the d-block, which is shown in this picture in the related link. So Nitrogen has 5, and each oxygen has 6. The negative sign means that the polyatomic ion has one extra electron, so 1 more. 5+(6*2)+1=18 total valence electrons.
Phosphorus (P) has 15 electrons.
Fluorine (F) has 9 electrons.
Aluminum has three unpaired electrons.
Thorium is a metal element. There are 90 electrons in a single atom.
Pb2+ has lost two electrons, so it has 82 - 2 = 80 electrons.