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Compression affects the vertebral bodies of the spine, particularly the intervertebral discs. This force can lead to conditions like disc herniation or spinal stenosis.
Force divided by pressure is equal to the area over which the force is applied. This relationship is defined by the formula: Area = Force / Pressure. It describes how the force distributed over a given area affects the pressure exerted on that area.
The measure of the force exerted by air molecules on a surface per unit area is air pressure.
To measure a force, depends on how the force is applied. For example if it is a piston rod actuated by a piston, you can measure the pressure inside the cylinder containing the piston, this may be filled with gas or liquid, and calculate the force from the area of the piston/cylinder. If it is a lever system, work out the mechanical advantage of the levers and multiply by the actuating force, probably obtained as above. You can also measure force directly using a strain gauge between the applying force and the object.
The contact area hardly affects the frictional force. The frictional force depends on the normal force, and the coefficient of friction, which is a property you have to look up (or measure) for every pair of materials.
The area of hydraulic cylinders directly affects the force produced by the cylinder. A larger area generates greater force, allowing the cylinder to move heavier loads or apply greater pressure. Properly calculating the cylinder area ensures that the hydraulic system can generate the required force for its intended application.