Transcendentalism was a philosophical and literary movement in 19th-century America that emphasized individual intuition, spirituality, and a connection with nature over institutionalized religion and societal norms. Key figures of transcendentalism included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Their works sought to promote self-reliance, nonconformity, and the belief in the inherent goodness of people and nature.
the counterculture was rotted in the social and political events of the 1950s
One notable philosophy developed in the 1850s is Utilitarianism, which emphasizes the principle of maximizing overall happiness or utility. The works of philosophers like John Stuart Mill further popularized this ethical framework during this time.