Rene Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Often described as a rationalist, he is best known for his statement "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), which emphasizes the role of doubt and reason in establishing knowledge.
The four major thinkers of the Enlightenment were John Locke, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant. They each contributed significantly to the intellectual movement by promoting ideas such as individual rights, freedom of thought, and reason.
The four adjectives that I would use to describe Gandhi are enduring, faithful, determined and courageous.
Descartes' four rules are: 1) Never accept anything as true that is not clearly and distinctly understood, 2) Divide problems into manageable parts, 3) Start solving problems with the simplest and easiest to understand parts, and 4) Review and ensure that nothing is omitted. These rules are part of his method of doubt and systematic approach to philosophical inquiry.
Descartes created a four step philosophical method, with the first step stating that you should doubt everything that is not true beyond a shadow of a doubt. Then, once you have questions, you have to divide them into sections to deal with one at a time, starting with the simplest and progressing to the more difficult. Finally, you need to continuously go over what you have learned to keep it fresh in your mind as you progress.
The following quotation from Discourse on Method presents the four precepts that characterize the Method itself:The first was never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly know to be such; that is to say, carefully to avoid precipitancy and prejudice, and to comprise nothing more in my judgment than what was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all ground of doubt.The second, to divide each of the difficulties under examination into as many parts as possible, and as might be necessary for its adequate solution.The third, to conduct my thoughts in such order that, by commencing with objects the simplest and easiest to know, I might ascend by little and little, and, as it were, step by step, to the knowledge of the more complex; assigning in thought a certain order even to those objects which in their own nature do not stand in a relation of antecedence and sequence.And the last, in every case to make enumerations so complete, and reviews so general, that I might be assured that nothing was omitted. By clear and distinct he suggests the evidence of the senses. The enumerations have in time developed into many forms. He suggested drawing boxes on a paper, and connecting them. This idea has led to a multitude of graphic thinking aids that we use today.References^ Najm, Sami M. (July-October 1966). "The Place and Function of Doubt in the Philosophies of Descartes and Al-Ghazali". Philosophy East and West(Philosophy East and West, Vol. 16, No. 3/4) 16 (3-4): 133-41. doi:10.2307/1397536^ Descartes, Rene; Laurence J. Lafleur (trans.) (1960). Discourse on Method and Meditations. New York: The Liberal Arts Press. ISBN 0-672-60278-4.
There are four well-known Renaissance scientists named Nicolaus Copernicus, Rene Descartes, Galileo Galilei, and Gerardus Mercator.
Rene Descartes is often credited as being one of the first to propose the idea that humans have four primary inborn emotions: happiness, sadness, desire, and aversion. This idea was introduced as part of Descartes' theory of the passions in the 17th century.
The one known by most the the self-named Descartes' Theorem, in where it explains the relationship of Four mutually tangent circles. Descartes' first addressed this theorem in a letter to Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia.
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Four great mathematicians who contributed to geometry are Pythagoras, Euclid, Rene Descartes and Bernhard Riemann. Pythagoras contributed the Pythagorean theorem. Euclid's geometrical works helped develop geometry in many ways. Descartes contributed Cartesian Geometry. Riemann's contribution can be seen in the form of Riemannian Geometry.
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