Not really, it's depending on what do you want. I suggest Kali Linux for penetration testing/hacking and Ubuntu for gamers/programmers.
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"Types" of Linux are Called Linux Distributions. Linux by itself is only a kernel, you need more than that for a full system, to get this, distro's were develpoed to include all of this to make a Linux system easier to install. Popular Distro's Are Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, RHEL, Linux Mint, Arch Linux, OpenSUSE, etc, you can find more at distrowatch
Linux is not "based" on anything per se. Its kernel is all original code and the software included in the average Linux distribution is non-centric to a given system. However. Linux is inspired by and readily identified as being "related" to UNIX, to the point many Linux users consider it to be UNIX.
Linux Mint to learn. Ubuntu for gamers/programmers & Kali Linux for penetration testers and hackers.
There are many different type of Linux operating systems available. These are called distributions (or distros.) Some of them are-Debian and it's derivatives such as ubuntufedora which is good for systems with simple and small computer system (or oldcomputer system) because of it's limited system requirements.Another Linux distribution is OpenSUSE which largely used in it organizations and sponsored by Novell.Many more Linux versions are available such as Linux mint, slackware and others. Best to check out this site below:
Kernel, but I guess when you will learn, you will have to switch (Ubuntu for programmers and gamers and Kali Linux for penetration testers and hackers)