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Which Views are used in mammography technique?
Craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique.
How do you define mediolateral axis?
The mediolateral axis is an anatomical reference line that extends horizontally from one side of the body to the other. It is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and is used to describe movements or positions that occur in a side-to-side direction.
Which structures are cut during a mediolateral episiotomy?
During a mediolateral episiotomy, the perineal skin, deeper tissues of the perineum including the perineal body, and part of the external anal sphincter muscle are cut. This incision aims to provide a larger opening for childbirth and reduce the risk of extensive tears in the perineum.
How do you define axis?
The usage "mediolateral" is strictly used to describe relative position along the left-right axis, to avoid confusion with the terms "superficial" and "deep" (see below). The usage "mediolateral" is strictly used to describe relative position along the left-right axis, to avoid confusion with the terms "superficial" and "deep" (see below). The usage "mediolateral" is strictly used to describe relative position along the left-right axis, to avoid confusion with the terms "superficial" and "deep"
What is The medical term meaning pertaining to the middle and side?
Lateral means pertaining to the sideLaterally.
How do you caluculat robusticity indices and femur platymeric index?
Robusticity indices are calculated by measuring different skeletal dimensions in relation to body size, such as the diameter of long bones relative to their length. The femur platymeric index is calculated by dividing the maximum mediolateral width of the femoral diaphysis by its anteroposterior depth. These measurements help assess bone strength and geometry in the context of biomechanical loading during locomotion.
What is a full thickness distal tear of the supraspinatus tendon?
A full thickness distal tear of the supraspinatus tendon is a complete tear that extends through the entire thickness of the tendon where it attaches to the humerus bone in the shoulder. This type of tear can result in pain, weakness, and limited range of motion in the shoulder, and may require surgical repair to restore function.
What muscles do lizards use to breathe?
Lizards breathe in the same way as all vertebrates do, via lungs. However, while in motion, reptiles cannot breathe in the same manner that humans do. This is because their spines (backbones) move from side to side, instead of up and down. We refer to this respiratory system of reptiles as mediolateral undulation, as compared to humans whose spinal movement during motion is called dorsoventral undulation.
What is episiotomy and its indication?
A cut from the vaginal opening toward the anus, performed during childbirth.An episiotomy is a surgical procedure performed on women who are in the second stage of labor. A surgical incision is made on the perineum and posterior vaginal wall. The cut can be made at an angle or in the midline from the posterior end of the vulva. The purpose of the procedure is to enlarge the vagina during child birth and speed up the birth process, it is also done in order to avoid tearing of the vaginal wall during delivery.
Episiotomy?
DefinitionEpisiotomy is a procedure in which the skin between the vagina and anus is cut. (This area is called the perineum.) Episiotomy is done occasionally to enlarge the vaginal opening so that a baby can be more easily delivered.DescriptionJust before the baby is born, the obstetrician numbs the vaginal area opening and makes one of two cuts:A mediolateral cut is angled down away from the vagina and into the muscle.A midline cut is made straight down between the vagina and anus.The cut makes the opening to the vagina bigger. The cut is stitched closed after the baby and placenta have been delivered.Why the Procedure Is PerformedEpisiotomies were once routinely performed to prevent vaginal tears during delivery. Today, routine episiotomies are not recommended.However, episiotomies may still be performed when there is a complicated delivery. An episiotomy may be needed if the baby's head or shoulders are too big for the mother's vaginal opening, or the baby is in a breech position (feet or buttocks coming first) and there is a problem during delivery.It may also be needed to speed the delivery process if there is concern about the baby's heart rate.RisksMany studies have found that the procedure offers no benefit in routine deliveries, and there is no evidence to suggest that it improves a woman's sexual function. It has also been found that women who have an episiotomy have more intercourse-related pain after pregnancy and take longer to resume having sex after childbirth.If an episiotomy cut is made, there is more of a chance that it will become a larger tear or even extend into the muscles around the rectum. This can lead to later problems with controlling gas and sometimes stool. When no episiotomy is made and a woman is just allowed to tear, these problems are less likely to happen.Additional risks include:BleedingBruisingIncontinenceInfectionSwellingAfter the ProcedureAn episiotomy usually heals without problems and may be easier to repair than multiple tears.Outlook (Prognosis)You can resume normal activities shortly after the birth. The stitches are absorbed by the body and do not need to be removed. You can relieve pain and discomfort with medication and ice in the first 24 hours, followed by warm baths.ReferencesHartmann K, Viswanathan M, Palmieri R, Gartlehner G, Thorp J Jr, Lohr KN. Outcomes of routine episiotomy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2005;293(17):2141-2148.American College of Obstetricians-Gynecologists. Episiotomy. Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin. 2006;71.Carroli G, Mignini L. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;1:CD000081.Frankman EA, Wang L, Bunker CH, Lowder JL. Episiotomy in the United States: has anything changed? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:573.e1-573.e7.
