Why is mercury toxic in its gaseous phase while nontoxic in liquid state?

Answer 1

Mercury’s toxicity varies depending on its state because of how it's absorbed and interacts with the body.

Gaseous Phase (Elemental Mercury Vapor): In its vapor form, mercury becomes highly toxic because it can be easily inhaled. Once mercury vapor enters the lungs, it quickly passes into the bloodstream and travels to the brain and other organs. The vapor is absorbed at a much higher rate than liquid mercury, making it more dangerous. Inhaled mercury vapor can cause severe damage to the nervous system, kidneys, and lungs, leading to symptoms like tremors, memory loss, and cognitive impairments.

Liquid Phase (Elemental Mercury): In its liquid form, mercury is far less toxic because it's not easily absorbed through the skin or ingested in significant quantities. While it’s still dangerous, particularly if mishandled, the body absorbs very little elemental mercury through skin contact or accidental swallowing. Most of the liquid mercury will pass through the digestive system without causing severe harm.

The main reason gaseous mercury is more dangerous is its ability to penetrate the body more effectively when inhaled, rapidly causing damage, while liquid mercury’s absorption pathways are less efficient, making it less toxic in that form. However, both forms can be harmful if not handled properly.

Answer 2

Mercury is toxic in its gaseous phase because it can be easily inhaled and absorbed into the body, where it can interfere with cellular functions. In its liquid state, mercury is less likely to be inhaled or absorbed through the skin, making it less toxic.