Biological communities change due to various factors such as competition for resources, predation, environmental disturbances (e.g. natural disasters, climate change), and human activities like habitat destruction and pollution. These factors can lead to shifts in species composition, population dynamics, and overall ecosystem structure.
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The interactions between levels of biological communities involve energy transfer and nutrient cycling. Producers (such as plants) convert sunlight into energy, which is then consumed by primary consumers (such as herbivores) and passed on to higher trophic levels (such as carnivores). Decomposers break down organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the environment, completing the cycle.
Biological communities are shaped by interactions between species and their environment, leading to the development of unique ecological niches and species compositions. Factors such as competition, predation, abiotic conditions, and evolutionary history influence the structure and functioning of biological communities over time. These interactions can result in a diverse array of species coexisting within a community, each playing specific roles in the ecosystem.
The three subdivisions of the biological environment are ecosystems, communities, and populations. Ecosystems encompass all living organisms and their physical environment in a specific area. Communities refer to the various species living in the same area and interacting with each other. Populations are groups of individuals of the same species living in a particular area.
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The levels of organization of biological systems from simplest to most complex are: atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere.