All planets, both with and without atmospheres, encounter meteoroids. If the planet has an atmosphere then those meteoroids will burn up long before reaching the surface. Those without atmospheres do not have such protection and so the meteoroids strike the surface directly.
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The masses of the gas giants are greater, which would make them larger, and their gravity can hold more massive atmospheres. Due to limits on the compressibility of atmospheric gases, these atmospheres are very deep. The lower solar heating farther from the Sun also plays a role in allowing these planets to maintain a high percentage of their lighter gases (hydrogen, helium) than the inner planets. So, even without their atmospheres, the cores of gas giants would have greater diameters than the terrestrial planets. They are simply bigger planets.
The chemical reactions between Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of other planets would depend on the specific composition of each atmosphere. Interaction could lead to chemical changes, such as oxidation reactions or the formation of new compounds. However, without specific details on the atmospheres in question, it's difficult to predict the exact nature of the reactions.
The rocky planets are characterized by having solid surfaces composed of rock and metal, while gas planets are predominantly made up of gases such as hydrogen and helium without a solid surface. Additionally, rocky planets are smaller and denser compared to gas planets.
Gas giants are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, are much larger than terrestrial planets, and do not have a solid surface. They have thick atmospheres made up of various gases and exhibit strong magnetic fields due to their swirling metallic hydrogen cores.
A supernova explosion can impact other planets by releasing intense radiation and shock waves that can strip away their atmospheres, cause mass extinctions, or even destroy them completely depending on their distance from the explosion. The remnants of the exploded star can also enrich nearby planets with heavy elements created in the supernova, influencing the composition of their surfaces and atmospheres.