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Celestial Mechanics. Or Astronomy
Astronomy: Noun: The branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.
The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere surrounding the Earth, with celestial equator and celestial poles located on it. The celestial equator is an extension of Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere, while the celestial poles are the points where Earth's rotation axis intersects the celestial sphere. These features can be observed in the night sky.
Latitude is based on the celestial observation of the angle of the sun or a celestial body above the horizon at noon. By measuring this angle, sailors and navigators can determine their north-south position on Earth.
Terrestrial navigation refers to the process of navigating through the use of landmarks, the positions of celestial bodies, or other references on the Earth's surface. It includes methods such as using maps, compasses, GPS, and sextants to determine one's location and course on land.